https://subalpinebirding.com/blog daily 0.75 2025-08-09 https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/holblls-red-necked-grebe-revisited-are-they-doable-in-the-field monthly 0.5 2025-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1da96a75-14df-4c8a-b13f-59b2d5ef55e6/veronika.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 9. European Red-necked Grebe, January 2023, Czech Republic (Veronika Švestková). An example of a darkish grisegena, with black extending below the gape midpoint and grey flanks—though still far from the classic solid dark of holbollii. Structurally, it is quite typical for a European bird. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/bd121f04-de31-4866-9515-86cbe741cfdd/grisegena+red+necked+grebe+cantabria+juanma.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 11. European Red-necked Grebe (same bird as in Plate 1, now re-identified), N Spain, February 2025 (Juan Manuel Pérez de Ana). Note how the flanks change in appearance depending on light and condition: on the right, when wet, they look quite darkish, whereas they appear snowy white when dry. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/d71baf8a-e9b9-4000-8304-4174c56dba09/grisegena+red+necked+grebe+long+billed.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 8. European Red-necked Grebe, January 2023, Germany (Hugo Schlenker). An example of a long-billed, bulky-bodied grisegena that could raise eyebrows if seen in the UK (another example here). However, such clean white flanks seem to be very rare in holbollii. Also, note that the bill is thick at the base and not as elongated as it tends to be in many holbollii (compare, for instance, with the otherwise similar holbollii in Plate 6). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a9b92296-3aff-451e-8475-3b58a7796fe1/Fig_flanks.png Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Flanks Surprisingly, as far as this feature is not mentioned in the literature, despite having the most divergent distribution between the two subspecies. grisegena typically has white flanks that contrast sharply with the back. While some individuals show variable greyish flecking, giving the flanks a slightly greyish appearance or sparse white-and-dark striping (Plate 9), the contrast remains. In many holbollii, however, the white feathering ends at the lower breast, and the flanks are a dark ashy-brown, blending with the back and creating no contrast - like in breeding plumage (see Plates 2-right, 3-left, 4 and 5). That said, some variation exists, and a few holbollii do present white flanks similar to grisegena (some examples to illustrate the variation of pale-flanked birds: here, here, here and here). However, grisegena individuals with entirely solid dark flanks are extremely rare—if they exist at all: see this individual, although the dark is not as solid in typical holbollii. It is important to note, however, that flank color can change significantly depending on whether the feathers are wet or dry. grisegena individuals with very white flanks when dry may appear to have darker (though not solidly dark) flanks when wet. Therefore, it is essential to observe how a bird’s flank color varies in different conditions, as demonstrated in Plate 10. The flank pattern is also evident in flight: in grisegena, the white flanks appear as a fine line beneath the wing, whereas in most holbollii, they form a broad band—reminiscent of the difference between Black-throated and Pacific Divers. Compare this grisegena with this holbollii. It is also worth noting that by late winter, some birds have already molted into breeding plumage, during which their flanks become darker. Additionally, flank feathers seem to wear over time, and in some first-winter holbollii, worn flanks appear lighter by the end of winter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/48208528-d20e-44f1-902c-8dbf006343f8/holbollii+red+necked+grebe+pale+flanks.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 6. Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe, December 2015, Massachusetts, USA (Jeremy Coleman). Not all holbollii present solid dark flanks - this holbollii does not appear particularly dark-flanked or long-billed (although its slender, pointed bill is somewhat eye-catching), and it is unlikely that it would raise suspicion if seen in Europe. However, note that it might be very large—compared to the Canada Goose—whereas most grisegena are smaller than Coots! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/7ef9f67a-34be-4b1b-9873-616568f1629f/red+necked+grebe+cantabria.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 13. Red-necked Grebe ssp, Spain, December 2020 (Juan Manuel Perez de Ana). A confusing bird: powerful, long-billed, and dark-faced, it generally looks like a strong holbollii candidate. However, its white flanks fall at the palest end of holbollii variation, making it best left unidentified. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/c73cadeb-d949-447d-b9a6-b65334623e39/Fig_black_gape.png Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Extension of black below the gape This is essentially a subfeature of the previous characteristic, but if a bird is seen close enough, it is easier to assess and less subjective than the overall face pattern. In most grisegena (~79%), the dark cap ends precisely at the midpoint of the gape, whereas in holbollii, the black usually extends further, surrounding the gape (71%). Interestingly, the few grisegena individuals with extended black gapes do not necessarily have particularly dark flanks, suggesting that these two melanin-related features are not strongly correlated—contrary to what one might expect. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/cbf0d560-1954-445f-9557-f96e14b4913d/red+necked+grebe+grisegena+flank+perception.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 10. European Red-necked Grebe, N Spain, February 2016 (Fran Montaño, left, and Delfín González, right). A good example of the variation in flank coloration within a single individual: this bird had white flanks with some brown feathering, and under certain conditions (when wet and in poor light), it appeared quite dark—though not as solid and dark as in holbollii. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/9a65c58b-d8a8-4a6f-8002-6b8c0a566d8d/Red-necked_Grebe_variation.png Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Figure 1. Red-necked Grebe subspecies identification (© Marti Franch), showing plumage and structural variability within ‘identifiable’ individuals of holbollii and grisegena, and ‘unidentifiable’ birds from the overlapping range of variation. Map based on Birds of the World: https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/rengre/cur/introduction https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/91e97a6f-185c-4401-8125-1193ecf7dc65/holbollii+red+necked+grebe+iceland.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 12. Holboll’s Red-necked Grebe, Iceland, March 2024 (Ingvar Atli Sigurðsson). A striking bird, with a long and pointed bill that perfectly matches the typical shape of holbollii. The bird is also black-faced, with black extending below the gape. The flank pattern, however, is a bit tricky to interpret: the feathers appear very worn and may look paler due to abrasion. It also shows some black patches that could be the first pre-nuptial feathers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/7244e367-0a2a-4be4-9392-084026168225/holbollii+red+necked+grebe+usa+caleb+persia.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 5. Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebes, February 2025, Louisiana, USA (Caleb Persia). The bird in the previous plate is not exceptional—compared to typical grisegena, a significant proportion of holbollii are truly eye-catching. These three birds are all long-necked, long-billed, and have extensive yellow on the bill. Notice that while all three are darker-flanked than grisegena, the degree of 'solidness' varies, with some showing lighter, more washed-out flanks. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/91ec5c83-b5b5-46fe-9ba7-fcea55a9cb48/comparison+red+necked+grebe+subspecies+2.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 2. European Red-necked Grebe P. g. grisegena (Delfín González – N Spain) and Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe P. g. holbollii, Massachusetts, December 2016, USA (Christopher N. Ciccone). A comparison between two typical individuals of each subspecies. grisegena is often strikingly small and short-billed, with a compact, short body. holbollii is generally much bulkier and longer-necked, giving it a more diver-like structure. Note also the more extensive black on the face and the solid dark ashy flanks of the Nearctic subspecies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/47543d6a-14bd-4124-b89a-337a06831279/Fig_face_pattern.png Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Face pattern Although this may be the most variable and least reliable feature, holbollii often appears very dark-faced, with the dark coloration extending well onto the cheeks and auriculars. In contrast, grisegena is usually paler, with cleaner cheeks. However, there is considerable variation, and dark-faced grisegena are regularly observed in Europe (10–15%). This feature is also often difficult to assess. Most birds have fine grey streaking on the cheeks, which can appear quite dark when wet or, conversely, nearly invisible under strong lighting. This variability makes it somewhat challenging and subjective to draw firm conclusions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/0958901e-8e8b-40a7-9e4b-79c757263d4b/red+necked+grebe+bill+variation.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 7. First-winter Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe, Oregon, USA, December 2023 (Gregory W. Courtney) & juvenile European Red-necked Grebe, Czech Republic, September 2023 (Veronika Švestková). Large males of both subspecies can have impressive bills, and such bills tend to correspond with the longest-necked and bulkiest individuals. In extreme cases, grisegena may overlap in bill length with average holbollii, but its massive bill is typically thick at the base and very triangular, conserving the typical shape of smaller birds—different from the slender, pointed bill shape of many holbollii. Note that the dark flanks of this grisegena are due to the juvenile plumage as it has not moulted yet to winter plumage. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/d18c3d71-ede3-4fa3-98f0-85a3f17cd118/Fig_bill_length.png Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Bill Length: As the measurements suggest, holbollii usually appears very long-billed, often strikingly so (around 50% of individuals). In contrast, grisegena typically has a short and petite bill, almost Little Grebe-like (~60%). This fact may have obscured our perception of the extensive variation within grisegena, as some individuals (although rare, 2–3%) exhibit a bill length comparable to the average holbollii—though certainly not reaching the upper quartile of the holbollii range. These extreme grisegena, likely males, are also the most robust and long-necked, with bills that are long but usually very thick-based and thus its shape looks triangular (see eg birds in Plates 7 and 8, and other examples here, here and here). In many holbollii, the bill is long but thinner, appearing more elongated and pointed, forming a more angular profile with the steep forehead. In some individuals, the bill is also slightly curved downward. This characteristic bill shape (seen, for instance, in the birds in Plates 1-left, 4, 5 and 6), with a low thickness-to-length ratio, is never exhibited by grisegena. Thus, when encountering a long-billed Red-necked Grebe, it is always crucial to assess the bill shape. This has been noted in the literature in the past, and for instance Ridington et al. describe that they computed this ratio from photographs of the Scottish holbollii before the bird was found dead. However, as they describe in their paper, the difficulty of accurately measuring lengths from photographs makes this method somewhat unreliable. Here, we will assess bill shape qualitatively rather than attempting a precise quantitative measurement. Other sources have tried using the bill-to-head ratio, but due to the same uncertainties, the results are similarly unreliable. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/ab51cadc-dfeb-4c99-9b00-572523ad9860/teague.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 4. Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe, January 2025, Massachusetts, USA (Nick Teague). The perfect holbollii, this bird shows two features never present in grisegena: solid dark flanks and a long, slender, pointed bill. The combination of both is, in my view, fully diagnostic, though it may represent only around ~25% of all Nearctic holbollii. Note also the darkish face, although not particularly so for holbollii standards. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/cff3f4fa-8429-4d3c-a14d-96ac97896bbc/comparison+red+necked+grebe+subspecies+1.jpg Blog - Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe revisited: are they doable in the field? - Make it stand out Plate 1. Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe (left), Scotland, February 2024 (Roger Ridington), and European/Holbøll’s Red-necked Grebe (right), N Spain, February 2025 (Juan Manuel Pérez de Ana). The bird on the left, confirmed as holbollii by measurements and genetics, is a good example of a typical (though not particularly extreme) holbollii, with a long, slim, and pointed bill, a long neck, and darkish flanks. The Spanish bird is similarly long-necked and structurally bulky, with only a slightly shorter bill—could it be a holbollii? https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/oriental-curlews-in-western-europe-identification-and-status monthly 0.5 2023-10-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/c86854cb-3ffc-41b7-bf5e-7b95423c37e3/eurasian+curlew+juvenile+ramses.JPG Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 2. European Curlew ssp arquata, juvenile, October, Galicia, Spain (Ramsés Perez). The breast pattern of this bird is reminiscent of orientalis, but the overall coloration is quite brown and the head shows a marked cap. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/4b32cd65-0a7d-4aa0-b30e-37341ef4b967/eurasian+curlew+adult+atlantis+type.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 7. European Curlew ssp arquata, Atlantic-type, January 2023, Cantabria, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). West European Curlews are often very dark, with a broad and dense patterning on the breast that extends down towards the lower belly, with bold anchors well visible when resting. The underwing is variable but birds with barred underwings are common. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a8270ea2-0bb2-4d5c-92cd-3a7e74f887ad/orientalis+Delta.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 14. Central Asian Curlew ssp. orientalis, first-winter, Ebro Delta, Catalonia, Spain, February 2023 (Marcel Gil-Velasco). This bird stood among a group of arquata by its pale coloration. Note the classic orientalis breast pattern, the very pale tail and the characteristic contrast between the brown-fringed scapulars and the greyer wing. Note the sawtooth pattern typical of the juvenile tertials, contrasting with the replaced mantle feathers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/7f8945a4-46f7-4457-9349-4b54357711a7/id+orientalis+vs+arquata.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 3. Key plumage features relevant for the separation of arquata and orientalis (see the main text for further details). 1. axillaries and underwing; 2. head; 3. tail barring; 4. flank pattern; 5. breast spotting; and 6. inner primaries barring. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/e5a1f86c-40ff-42cd-956f-21eb8d2f13ce/oriental+curlews+frequency+ebros+delta.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 17. Distribution of individuals assigned to each type at Ebro Delta in winter - spring 2023 (Marcel Gil-Velasco). In Spain, most European Curlews leave in early/mid February (some young birds stay during the summer), whereas there is a slight peak of migration of orientalis-types and intergrades in late March and throughout April. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/7094d5d8-acee-4ce1-b509-8ba2380aa345/oriental+curlew+intergrade+2cy+male.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 18. Central Asian Curlew ssp orientalis, male 2cy, May 2022, Bay of Santander, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). This bird was migrating along with a Whimbrel and briefly stopped to rest. A short-billed male, with partial moult restricted to the back and mantle (the entire wing is still juvenile). Note the typical pale plumage, with rather indistinct head lacking a dark cap, very fine streaking on breast and lack of arrows. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/ed793f24-9f77-4b59-bb7c-ec1b3f4e6fc5/oriental+curlew+orientalis+malaysia.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 4. Oriental Curlew ssp orientalis, July, Malaysia, (left, Dave Bakewell) and (right) (Chris Gibbins). Eastern orientalis are quite pale grey, large and especially long-billed. Note the fine and sparse streaking (rather than spotting) on the breast on a white background. The streaking is usually restricted to the breast and limited/absent on the belly, leading to a very pale upperparts. Note also poorly marked head pattern, lacking a darker cap. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/49d16b4e-9e89-47aa-a50f-16fffa41bea8/mapa_figura.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 5. Proposed ranges for all four plumage types. A: ‘Atlantic’ Curlew (W arquata); B: ‘Continental’ Curlew (E arquata); C: ‘Central Asian’ Curlew (intergrades and W orientalis); D: ‘Oriental’ Curlew (E orientalis). Information about Eastern taxa breeding grounds is limited, so the depicted ranges here are approximate. The enigmatic suschkini race is not included but is believed to breed mainly in Northern and Central Kazakhstan; winter range unknown. Adapted from Van Gils, et al. (2020). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/9cd5c43c-81c7-47fd-bd24-9074cc68c19c/intergradesWSahara.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 12. Central Asia Curlew, ssp orientalis, Western Sahara, March 2023 (Marcel Gil-Velasco). A typical western-type orientalis, showing some features suggesting arquata-influence: despite the lack of arrows on the flanks, the breast spotting is a bit thick, and the bird is quite brownish.The neat underwing, pale and finely barred primaries and pale tail are however typical of orientalis. These birds show on average shorter bills than eastern orientalis. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/cbf818b7-d1d4-4a83-8f0d-0ac1491128c3/eurasian+curlew+orientalis+india+intergrade+arquata.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 10. Central Asian Curlews ssp orientalis / arquata, India (Aseem Kothiala). Most Curlews wintering in India may be Central Asian, looking browner, with shorter bills and thicker spotting on the breast than SE Asia birds. Birds with some arrows on the flanks are not rare, and some extreme birds such as the one on the right superficially resemble arquata in general aspect (two more examples here and here). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/3e3e3fd7-0468-4402-88f9-a9923e9d801d/eurasian+curlews+orientalis+africa+adults.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 11. Examples of Oriental Curlews ssp orientalis from Africa: (left) South Africa: adult, Nov (Trevor Hardaker) and (right) Senegal, April (Daniel López-Velasco). Curlews that overwinter in South Africa typically look like eastern orientalis. As one travels north and west towards the Gulf of Guinea and Western Africa, there seems to be more mixing, with both western and eastern orientalis-types. Still, many birds look quite classic and probably not separable from those wintering in SE Asia - the bird on the right from Senegal is a particularly striking orientalis. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/5b0f58e2-392f-4922-88d0-91705d8af0fa/oriental+curlew+orientalis+catalunya.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 15. Central Asian Curlew ssp. orientalis, adult male, Ebro Delta, Catalonia, Spain, April 2023 (Guillermo Rodríguez). A migrant adult seen in late April, this bird was also easy to pick by its very pale colour, in addition to the fine breast streaking and fine primary barring. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/2ab4e469-79c7-4dfa-92b1-cb5a01a83411/european+curlews+adults.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 8. European Curlews ssp arquata, Continental-types, adults, Santoña marshes, January 2023 (Guillermo Rodríguez & Kike Junco). European birds are overall brown, although the level of patterning is variable. The breast spotting is coarse and on a brownish background; the spots transform into arrows on the flanks. Note the finely barred tertials and wing coverts, diagnostic of adult birds. In some (more eastern?) birds, such as the one on the right, the arrows are more restricted and only visible in flight; note also a finer breast spotting and paler coloration than in the previous birds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/61340403-065d-47a9-ba1f-0e7f677f8ab7/orientalis+WSahara.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 13. Central Asia Curlew, ssp orientalis, Western Sahara, March 2023 (Marcel Gil-Velasco). A more classic orientalis from the Western Sahara, ticking all the boxes for a very eastern bird. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/3f83e34d-8844-4ca5-8868-363aa08bef5f/eurasian+curlew+intergrade+santona.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 20. Central Asian Curlew ssp orientalis - intergrade type, 2cy+ (down left on the left picture, down bird on the right picture) with European Curlews, July 2021, Santoña marshes, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). Another example of a Central Asian bird showing some arquata influence, but still the bird stood up in a flock of arquata by its pale coloration and larger size. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/b06dea3a-157a-4c2b-adaa-8e9cd3695144/eurasian+curlew+intergrade+arquata+x+orientalis.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 19. Central Asian Curlew ssp orientalis - intergade type, adult, Bay of Santander, Spain, January 2023 (Guillermo Rodríguez). An example of a bird seen in the Atlantic coast, this bird overwintered in Spain. Although still pale, large, long-billed and with only a couple of diffuse arrows on the flanks, it looks a bit browner than the previously shown Central Asian Curlews seen in the Mediterranean. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/2d2b8f09-219e-435f-b536-b6ee8da2afde/variation_horizontal.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 6. Variability of the underwing, flanks and breast pattern in the four main phenotypes of Eurasian Curlews found across Eurasian. For each group we have included three representative examples, but there is some variation and, for instance, some Continental Curlews may show patterned underwings within the range of Atlantic (a-c). As a general rule, the four groups can be separated by the extension of spotting in the underparts (from right to left, E to W): in Oriental it is restricted to one third (upper breast, the rest are neat white); in Central Asian, around one half; in Continental arquata, c. two thirds; and in the Atlantic birds the spotting nearly reaches the vent, > ⅔. This is of course a broad characterization, not to be applied to the identification of individual birds. Pictures by Zbigniew Kajzer, Andrew Spencer, Peter Alfrey, Chris Gibbins, Marcel Gil-Velasco and Guillermo Rodríguez. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/e6b0adf6-793c-494f-8425-577482f28370/orientalis+Delta+Eric.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 16. Central Asian Curlew ssp orientalis, adult, Ebro’s Delta, Catalonia, Spain, September 17th 2018 (Eric van der Werf). An obvious orientalis that surely would go unnoticed if seen in SE Asia. Note the late primary moult compared to arquata, and very pale fringes of the wing coverts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/14b03f30-6671-4858-965a-cf168d3f2509/arquata_juveniles_David.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure1. European Curlew ssp arquata, juvenile, Basque Country, Spain, July 2023 (David Santamaria). Ageing as juvenile is straightforward based on very fresh plumage, dark-centered wing coverts and tertial pattern - note also that the bill is likely not fully grown. The breast and flank pattern, lacking any arrow, is reminiscent of orientalis, although in juvenile arquata the spotting is denser, the spots have a more drop-like shape (rather than a fine streak in orientalis) and the background colour is typically buffy. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a7631ef6-08e7-46a0-b4ca-7b720eb6475b/eurasian+curlew+orientalis+india+typical.jpg Blog - Oriental Curlews in Western Europe: identification and status - Make it stand out Figure 9. Oriental Curlews ssp orientalis, India, juvenile (left) and adult female (right), (Savio Fonseca / www.avocet-peregrine.com). Many of the Curlews seen in India look like perfect Eastern orientalis, likely indistinguishable from the birds wintering in Southern Asia. These two birds look a bit browner overall, but the effect of wear often affects the general coloration. In addition to the plumage features, note long bill with extensive pink and long tibia. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/introducing-the-guilvinec-gull-a-commented-gallery-of-presumed-hybrids-herring-x-lesser-black-backed-gulls-from-brittany-france monthly 0.5 2023-07-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309998900-3NQ8VZ6P1GEKAUKJWGNY/05+-+nov+2021+-+ad.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309999205-9W9EU9KJB5FYSLZRH4EJ/05+-+nov+2021+-+ad-2.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310000241-T9GHGEXVPKE5MJ7XTYZO/05+-+nov+2021+-+ad-4.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310000977-7VWQU3RPK5JAUFYIYMM8/05+-+nov+2021+-+ad-5.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310221413-U45Y1HQFFZRVBXZ5HCJP/09+-+janv+2023+-+subad+%288%29b.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310211620-DJ6J056H1JU0YILJSOQD/09+-+janv+2023+-+subad+%281%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310216898-T2AJRTQQSSK9749QZL0X/09+-+janv+2023+-+subad+%286%29-2.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310219401-77KT2O01K5PX8T1XFRZC/09+-+janv+2023+-+subad+%287%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/971014b4-a23f-46af-a968-a3fd2434845c/08+-+oct+2022+-+ad+b+%281%29.png Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310247974-ZHIQQQCG2W1OD1V60ULZ/10+-+f%C3%A9v+2023+-+ad+%281%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310247955-QUR8DS8MDHXHTET0I02E/10+-+f%C3%A9v+2023+-+ad+%282%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310249479-R3776C96CCHJS2XD369P/10+-+f%C3%A9v+2023+-+ad+%284%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310251133-B07KJPKB02LAL74JVYBY/10+-+f%C3%A9v+2023+-+ad+%286%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310542498-JKHE2TD8RUFISL1G8ZAX/Adult%2C+March+2022%2C+St+John%E2%80%99s%2C+Newfoundland+and+Labrador%2C+Canada+%28Frank+King%29+%281%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310542458-V6R2RYZ7EA9RIU7FKXGS/Adult%2C+March+2022%2C+St+John%E2%80%99s%2C+Newfoundland+and+Labrador%2C+Canada+%28Frank+King%29+%282%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309755839-B1ZSA9CLTG1UK538LRH7/02+-+december+2020+-+ad-17b.png Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309748521-1NQ401V62SMZDUA2UGI8/02+-+december+2020+-+ad-3.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309748110-EL9U2YCMPL3K7GAR596C/02+-+december+2020+-+ad-5.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309756278-3A0JNQT00I5TQGUL0XSI/02+-+december+2020+-+ad-6.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688308408665-UGS84M0FXXVAOVJNYRFJ/01+-+december+2020+-+subad-6.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688308408936-OTOWIVLSLNDCZC4ZGR8L/01+-+december+2020+-+subad-9.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688308412729-Q2I470JFSZ2FLP772JTU/01+-+december+2020+-+subad-11.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309910435-BD638KCHOZBPY8P3MG4E/04+-+mai+2021+-+ad-4.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309910775-O0T68D5VBIMZIH3E7P10/04+-+mai+2021+-+ad-5.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309915672-XKF4XK9XQVHUR8ICH0PD/04+-+mai+2021+-+ad-6.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309906213-V7WJKDKGAEQ76Y6ZXV2O/04+-+mai+2021+-+ad-2.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/4a294734-45d2-48c8-a9a4-64b3c3d6fa7f/primary+pattern+scheme+Guilvinec+Gull+2.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France - Make it stand out Fig 01. Variation in extent of black in primaries (P4-10) (Sylvain Reyt). The white tongue tips were not represented in this figure. There is some correlation between the amount of black in each primary, but again variation is large. This figure was designed using pictures from 16 birds from France and the United Kingdom (thus including pictures of birds not featured in this post and collected from faune-france.org, ebird.com and photographers) and it’s therefore worth pointing out that a larger sample could result in a larger extent of variation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310086257-H7J75PJNGTX5UHDM3WV1/07+-+mars+2022+-+3C+%289%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310079219-PRGI1X300EQ4BMIP157K/07+-+mars+2022+-+3C+%281%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310082800-K4OY1KI9VFBWG7SJVB92/07+-+mars+2022+-+3C+%284%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310084394-6L1I14F0WWJAVPHKCR9M/07+-+mars+2022+-+3C+%286%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310037673-NCQ6INJKUMIQDTJ83H96/06+-+janv+2022+-+ad-2.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310037805-Y6F0DXI5FR3UBJ5JKXI3/06+-+janv+2022+-+ad.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310053609-B43OOKOKHFUQN9R2Q7ZR/06+-+janv+2022+-+ad-3.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310040380-5P52SW7NKR669Q2F7UT4/06+-+janv+2022+-+ad-7.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310042839-OJ7FNX5BDA543LG6URZE/06+-+janv+2022+-+ad-10.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310044779-FK8QDTFI86I2AKKYGDYJ/06+-+janv+2022+-+ad-16.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310047912-OW66MJ50U4YHYBCF8OYH/06+-+janv+2022+-+ad-18.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309940051-3TG9TYNH1GILEEFFA3GV/03+-+january+2021+-+ad-3.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309939662-5FM57EOV0RKKXE03ORCZ/03+-+january+2021+-+ad-5.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688309942311-ATE12KTVBD34SF9EHMKB/03+-+january+2021+-+ad-7.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310690131-MWX4J52ML47B4KL36O3V/American+hybrid+-+Daytona+Beach+Shores%2C+FL+on+23+Jan+2016.+Michael+Brothers+%281%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310690127-7VO2Z0CM79QVWNFJA2VU/American+hybrid+-+Daytona+Beach+Shores%2C+FL+on+23+Jan+2016.+Michael+Brothers+%282%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310691108-YYM7UPTG6S8TGGNZY67P/American+hybrid+-+Daytona+Beach+Shores%2C+FL+on+23+Jan+2016.+Michael+Brothers+%283%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310654977-12Q6HKV0SNT7JL9U6NMR/LBBGxHERG-St+John_s%2C+Newfoundland%2C+Canada+on+18+Feb+2017%2C+Bruce+Mactavish+%281%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310653560-Z4VAM5L1HQCT2GCZY1G5/LBBGxHERG-St+John_s%2C+Newfoundland%2C+Canada+on+18+Feb+2017%2C+Bruce+Mactavish+%282%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310655003-HLL2KT59TGRLZC1HJZT1/LBBGxHERG-St+John_s%2C+Newfoundland%2C+Canada+on+18+Feb+2017%2C+Bruce+Mactavish+%283%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1688310656074-EA1UH9A2JZU6JT43Z4OQ/LBBGxHERG-St+John_s%2C+Newfoundland%2C+Canada+on+18+Feb+2017%2C+Bruce+Mactavish+%284%29.jpg Blog - Introducing the ‘Guilvinec Gull’: a commented gallery of presumed hybrids Herring x Lesser Black-backed Gulls from Brittany, France https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/greenland-dunlin-ssp-arctica-a-first-approach-to-its-identification monthly 0.5 2023-10-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/ba556c01-8f2f-47c8-bcc2-afec496486b7/dunlin+schinzii+DSC05082.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Southern Dunlin C.a.schinzii (Spain, June 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A classic schinzii with orange-ish upperparts with long black tongues, large belly-patch and dense breast spotting. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a2109a0c-edd3-4213-8505-d2916d3f5bed/arctica+flight.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. Arctica, top and bottom (Spain, May 2022) (c) Daniel López-Velasco. A particularly pale and striking individual, almost lacking any dark in the belly patch. General impression is somehow intermediate between Western Calidris mauri and White-rumped Sandpipers Calidris fuscicollis. Note too this bird has some rusty-fringed upper scapulars. When seen in flight, from above, it could easily be mistaken for a male Western! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a0d57d18-dabe-4cfa-b025-ac7679869c3a/dunlin+arctica+DSC04458.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Presumed Greenland Dunlin C.a. arctica, right, with Southern Dunlin C.a. schinzii, left (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. This arctica is slightly larger than the schinzii, and shows some orange fringes on the upperparts, but all other features perfectly fit with arctica. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/9ded01fa-532d-4c44-a092-704cd8bbf24c/dunlin+ssp+DSC05168.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Unidentified Dunlin C. alpina ssp (Spain, June 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. This bird combines a rather grey colouration, typical arctica pattern on most upperpart feathers and a long rear end, but note that the belly patch is of considerable size and it shows large spots on the breast. We do not believe this is a schinzii from mainland Europe, but it is difficult to assess whether this falls within arctica variation from the core Greenland population or not. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/b2f26f55-13ee-444e-9da7-d29fab54b4bf/dunlin+schinzii+small+DSC04227.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out (Presumed) Southern Dunlin C.a.schinzii (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. Not every small Dunlin is a Greenland Dunlin – this bird, likely a male, looks small and definitely short-billed. However, it shows typical schinzii upperpars, large belly patch and compact structure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/9b977ca6-87f6-40d7-b571-98508713fd2b/dunlin+schinzis+DSC04158.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Southern Dunlins C.a.schinzii together with at least one Greenland Dunlin C.a.arctica, in the front (Spain, June 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A group mostly formed by schinzii showing variation on upperparts colouration and size of belly patch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/0a8fe1f9-ceb4-4b23-8562-685956bca3fd/dunlin+schinzii+small+DSC04404.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Southern Dunlins C.a.schinzii (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. Another example of a small, short-billed presumed schinzii that could be mistaken as arctica, emphasized here due to the direct comparison with more typical schinzii. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/9f15d265-6d1e-4916-8c97-4eb96b7d02bc/arctica+DSC01891.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Daniel López-Velasco. A classic individual in all features – this bird almost resembles a Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri!-. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/d19a6bd1-1346-41a3-8307-e879be4a3536/dunlin+arctica+DSC05093.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica (Spain, June 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A particularly grey individual, note also the classic “white band” just above the belly patch formed by the absence of breast spotting. Imagine that we erase the dark belly patch from this image – wouldn´t it look a bit like a Western/Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla/mauri? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/0a3df46e-1ca8-4c7d-b815-55b1493ed8f0/dunlin+arctica+DSC05240.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Presumed Greenland Dunlin C.a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. Another brownish-looking presumed arctica that could possibly go unnoticed to the untrained eye. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/c7eeeb19-f17a-41ff-bef1-12b8104969c7/arctica+DSC01927.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica, right bird, with Southern Dunlins C.a.schinzii (Spain, May 2022) (c) Daniel López-Velasco. The most classic individuals are quite eye-catching when seen within a group of schinzii. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/0f66e9bb-17d3-4a9e-a3e3-2091c52763b0/arctica+DSC01877.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica, right bird, alongside a similar-sized Little Stint Calidris minuta (Spain, May 2022) (c) Daniel López-Velasco. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/c773c002-4da7-4a16-9b80-51019fd1e435/arctica+DSC01976.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Daniel López-Velasco. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/0f709055-1696-4750-91fb-951f029a217f/dunlin+likely+arctica+DSC04685.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Unidentified Dunlin C. alpina ssp (Spain, June 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. This bird combines orange upperparts and a rather large belly patch together with typical arctica features such as scapular pattern. Note also extensive moult. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/81193410-e60d-4266-871f-5388b315926c/dunlin+arctica+DSC04183.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Presumed Greenland Dunlin C.a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. This bird looks bulky, relatively long-billed and with an extensive belly patch – note however typical pattern of upperpart feathers, with grey fringes, pointed dark shafts and completely grey lower scapulars with dark bases. Also note extensive moult including most wing coverts and tertials. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/73c54265-0612-4204-9bfe-fb263275b431/Plates+arctica+upper+scapulars.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Comparison between mantle and upper scapulars of Greenland arctica (top) and Southern schinzii (bottom) Dunlins. Note the long, rectangular-shaped dark centres in schinzii that almost extend to the feather tip; the dark centres are more restricted in arctica, showing a different shape and are often combined with a thin dark shaft. Note too how pale grey/whitish some of the fringes are. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/129b0cf6-d9ec-4da8-b9d2-94c6ed879842/dunlin+schinzis+DSC04224.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Southern Dunlin C.a.schinzii (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A slightly less colorful schinzii; note the presence of two grey lower scapulars on this bird, although still showing a different pattern from that typical of arctica. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/358b75ea-10a1-4a89-80ff-cc463c5e06bf/Calidris_alpina_plate.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Identification key to the separation of Greenland Dunlin Calidris alpina arctica and Southern Dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii (c) Marti Franch, Guillermo Rodríguez & Daniel López-Velasco. The plate shows classic birds of each taxon, but there is considerable individual variation and most features overlap – see the main text for a detailed description. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/3b2df1f9-7b0a-41d1-ae5b-9b04b6979a03/arctica+DSC01772.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Daniel López-Velasco. Another extreme, very frosty-looking bird that should not pose any identification problems. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/bc93b900-79e5-4ba4-8b07-6960823b6da9/dunlin+arctica+DSC04087.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A bird with more contrasting breast spotting but showing other typical features, including mantle and wing feathers. Typical horizontal stance emphasized by the long rear part of the body. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a26b11e5-25f1-45ba-a683-599ac42ccf02/dunlin+arctica+3cy+DSC04162.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica –front, left bird- with Southern Dunlins C.a. schinzii (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. When seen alongside schinzii, arctica usually looks paler, smaller and more slender. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/89af02ab-6a56-4fa1-bb20-b80840a3325c/dunlin+arctica+DSC04920.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Presumed Greenland Dunlin C.a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A bird showing a rather large and uniform dark belly patch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/8f3fe03d-bfe3-4a3a-a1ae-3826cc03594b/dunlin+arctica+DSC04148.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Presumed Greenland Dunlin C.a. arctica (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. Another example of a long-billed bird with a large belly patch, but the upperparts feathers clearly point towards arctica, as does the sparse breast spotting and elongated structure (perhaps not so obvious in this picture). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/6f025dd3-37b7-46ab-b769-9a596fe57ea8/Plates+arctica+lower+scapulars.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Comparison between the lower scapulars of Greenland arctica (top) and Southern schinzii (bottom) Dunlins. Note the characteristic variegated pattern of schinzii with pale spots enclosed within the dark tongue, rarely shown by arctica. Note too the simple, rather uniform grey pattern of some of the feathers in arctica. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1f43ad50-7d0b-4248-bccf-58fd4b94f26e/dunlin+ssp+DSC04759.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Unidentified Dunlin C. alpina ssp (Spain, June 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A short-billed, rather pale bird with a large belly patch and dense spotting on the breast. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/f07c55db-9560-49dc-8649-4241c9cf33ca/dunlin+arctica+DSC03680.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Greenland Dunlin C. a. arctica with Tundra Ringed Plovers Charadrius hiaticula tundrae/psammodroma (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/9ddb7f74-74e4-4602-85df-df17ad3927fe/dunlin+schinzii+DSC05203.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Southern Dunlin C.a.schinzii (Spain, June 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. Likely a female based on spotted throat, lack of contrasted collar and long bill. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/8e202538-4c5c-4661-af21-e0b25ea539c8/dunlin+ssp+DSC04288.jpg Blog - Unprecedented spring arrival of Greenland Dunlin ssp. arctica to Northern Spain and a first approach to its identification - Make it stand out Unidentified Dunlin C. alpina ssp (Spain, May 2022) (c) Guillermo Rodríguez. A most interesting bird, combining both schinzii and arctica features. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/separation-of-1cy-little-and-least-terns-and-the-first-least-tern-for-spain monthly 0.5 2021-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/cfd4553f-5292-40d0-9c69-c88e8de3facc/least+tern+juvenile+massachusetts+upperwing+IMG_0525.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Tern, juvenile, August 13th, Massachusetts, USA (Guillermo Rodríguez). Note the uniform primary coverts and how obvious and well-contrasted the white tongues look in most pictures. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/536f6469-f989-4b95-a363-b5aac88cbe9a/little+tern+juvenile+spain+september+Alvaro+Fernandez+Polo+3.jpg Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Little Tern, first-winter, October 4th, Galicia, Spain (Alvaro F. Polo). A typical migrant Little Tern seen in northern Spain (where the species does not breed). In September the primaries are a bit worn, looking darker than when fresh; note the typical gradient in darkness from the inner ones to the outest one. This bird shows reduced dark in the head, but still there is some sparse streaking on the crown and the black extends down towards the lower neck. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/8460bdc2-7e1c-4a4f-ae2a-5ead30f24355/least+tern+1cy+worn+aruba+Michiel+Oversteegen+3.jpg Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Tern, first-winter, August 20th, Aruba (Michiel Oversteegen). This bird has moulted all the scapulars and mantle (and likely the head too) but retains a completely juvenile wing. Note how the entire leading edge of the wing turns dark as the juvenile feathers wear, strongly contrasting with the white greater coverts. The facial mask is narrow, leading to an entire white crown and lower neck. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a8319435-ce4e-4288-89c4-55562a67f0e5/least+terns+worn+1cy+aruba+Michiel+Oversteegen.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Terns, first-winters, September 30th, Aruba (Michiel Oversteegen). Two examples of how first-winter birds look in early fall. The overall looking is quite striking due to the combination of reduced black on the head, white inner wing and contrasting dark leading edge of the wing and outer primaries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/c2572607-364f-4474-80c6-2a59e32a5edb/least+tern+massachusetts+juvenile+plumage.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Terns, juvenile, July/August, Massachusetts, USA (Guillermo Rodríguez). A few examples of juvenile Least Terns in fresh plumage. Least Terns typically look paler and greyer than Little; the crown is sparsely spotted and only the eye-mask looks solid dark. The primaries are uniformly dark, strongly contrasting with the mantle. The white greater coverts can be noticed even when perched. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/84f3942f-4739-4594-bcd3-a1dd70f5faa0/least+tern+1cy+worn+aruba+Michiel+Oversteegen+2.jpg Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Tern, first-winter, October 22th, Aruba (Michiel Oversteegen). One more example of first-winter Least Tern, showing how the primary pattern remains in good condition by early fall, including the characteristic white tongues in p5 and p6. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/70659d3d-a4f8-435f-96aa-eafcc002b13a/CHARRANCITO5.jpg Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Little Tern, mostly juvenile, September 6th, Andalucia, Spain (Andres Rojas). A Little Tern for comparison showing all the typical features, including extensive head cap, pale grey primaries barely contrasting with the upperwing/mantle, and grey greater coverts. Note the distinct shape of the two moulted scapulars. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/61e5b690-658f-483c-b7cd-3499c8939b3a/little+tern+first+juvenile+wing.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Upperwing pattern in juvenile Little Terns: pictures in hand to understand the primary pattern in deeper detail. From up to bottom: Falsterbo, Sweden, September 3rd (Stephen Menzie). Andalucia, Spain, August 13nd (Alberto Álvarez). Andalucia, Spain, August 8nd (Alberto Álvarez). Pictures in hand allow to understand further the real pattern of the primaries. Most Little Terns show a white fringe in the inner web of the outer primaries, although usually not very contrasted. These fringes are rarely seen in the field because typically the dark band is broader than the white band, and thus the white remains hidden. In p5-p7 the white band can be broad in some birds but usually not forming a square-shaped “tongue“ as in Least. Note also the typical gradient in darkness along the primaries, with the inner ones looking quite pale in some birds/light conditions. The secondaries show broad white fringes but the centre of the feather is always grey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/dd62cc01-6eb8-4499-80bd-6bf146daf2ad/little+tern+juvenile+cadiz+august.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Little Tern, first-winter, August 14th, Andalucia, S Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). An example of how light artifacts can be misleading with worn birds in poor pictures. Both pictures were taken within a few millisecond window; note in the left shot only 2-3 primaries look truly dark and the gradient along the primaries is obvious , whereas in the right picture at least 6 primaries look “dark enough for Least” and the wing shows a high contrast. Only trust pictures in which the real pattern of the feathers can be confidently addressed! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/a59a50b5-8c51-485f-9e9e-1ad4fabb78c8/least+tern+first+winter+wing+detail+guipuzkoa+spain+september+2019+Itziat+Gutierrez.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Tern, first-winter, September 26th, 2019, Basque Country, N Spain (Itziar Gutiérrez). This picture of the spread wing shows well the primary pattern, the real clincher to address the true identity of the bird. The secondaries and greater coverts are snowy white; the outer 6 primaries are uniformly dark , and showhing deep white tongues on p5-p7. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/cb6f3588-2096-4a5d-a49d-24ba1d38f921/least+tern+first+winter+guipuzkoa+spain+september+2019+Itziat+Gutierrez.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Tern, first-winter, September 26th, 2019, Basque Country, N Spain (Itziar Gutiérrez). These amazing set of pictures show what in my opinion can be identified as Least Tern with confidence. Among with other features, note: (1) reduced mask, white crown; (2) dark uniform primaries contrasting with the wing coverts; and (3) dark leading edge of the wing contrasting with white secondaries and greater coverts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/fcf528a6-5cfd-4047-a04f-9602c3caf260/little+tern+juvenile+northern+and+southern+spain.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Little Tern, first-winters: (left) August 14th, Andalucia, S Spain; and (right) September 25th, Cantabria, N Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). Comparison between a southern breeder seen in August and a northern breeder seen in late September. Southern birds usually look quite worn and advanced in moult, although the characteristic features of the species (extension of cap, uniform wing, grey secondaries) are all still visible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/29a7d089-a59d-4378-a7de-5e9475b2a9c7/least+tern+juvenile+massachusetts+upperwing+IMG_1190.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Tern, juvenile, August 5th, Massachusetts, USA (Guillermo Rodríguez). To those familiar with juvenile Little Terns, the upperwing pattern of Least Tern is undoubtedly eye-catching: the inner white patch formed by the snowy white secondaries, greater coverts and inner primaries sharply contrasts with the uniform dark outer primaries and primary coverts. The inset shows a detail of the primary pattern, with the typical white tongues that are often seen in p5-p7 marked with red lines. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/75f1c74b-8a21-4424-9083-b18637f6c927/least+tern+juvenile+massachusetts+upperwing+IMG_9666.JPG Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Least Tern, juvenile, July 22th, Massachusetts, USA (Guillermo Rodríguez). The upperwing pattern of birds breeding in the Atlantic coast of the US exhibits reduced variation, but birds from the Caribbean or California can show slightly greyer inner primaries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/75524c07-ff6d-47b0-a3f7-988cf670cb5c/little+tern+2+juveniles+spain+september+Alvaro+Fernandez+Polo+.jpg Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Little Terns, first-winters, September 20th, Galicia, N Spain (Alvaro F. Polo). Two more examples of Little Terns from N Europe, photographed in one of their stopover sites in N Spain. Most birds remain largely juvenile; note solid dark cap and uniform grey upperwing in both birds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/90641dbd-2b68-4420-93ca-54ea88784a94/little+tern+juveniles+valencia+july+Yanina+Maggioto.jpg Blog - Separation of 1cy Little and Least Terns and the first Least Tern for Spain - Make it stand out Little Terns, juveniles, July 15th, Valencia, Spain (Yanina Maggiotto). Two fresh juvenile Little Terns for comparison. The upperwing looks mostly uniform as a result of both paler outer primaries and greyer inner wing than in Least. Note how the inner pale fringes of the primaries are never visible in the field. The rump is slightly paler than in Least but this feature is highly variable in juveniles and thus of little use. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/complex-ageing-of-griffon-vulture-as-a-result-of-different-moulting-strategies-in-immature-birds monthly 0.5 2021-08-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625935208421-0QFVZEYI6RY5AOZOX6WF/normal_irradiance.jpg Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Figure 3. Global irradiance at three relevant locations: Dakar, Barcelona and Stockholm, averaged over the 2005-2015 period. The red line represents a potential ‘threshold‘ value=140kWh/m2 of solar irradiance below which a large raptor might not be able to moult. Source: PHOTOVOLTAIC GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625937052968-5OWSH8W3WHA86IZ1B61N/griffon+vulture+migratory+strait+gibraltar.JPG Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Moult progress in migratory Griffon Vultures in April (all photos taken in April at Tarifa, Andalucia, Spain by Guillermo Rodríguez), from left to right: 2cy, 3cy and 4cy. Most 2cy arrive without any trace of moult in April and early May, but late migrants in June and July usually do show 1-2 replaced primaries. 3cy birds typically show new p1-p6 and a mix of new and very worn secondaries. 4cy birds have completely replaced all the juvenile flight feathers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1626129761557-TB3GJ5W3OOULCA36IGPM/moult+progress+immature+griffon+resident+migratory Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Figure 1. Illustrative plot showing the qualitative differences in moult between the resident and migratory populations of Griffon (no real data!). The main idea is that resident birds in Iberia do not moult during the winter months, whereas migratory birds that spend their first years of life in the Sahel do moult in winter, leading to a +50% of progress in terms of replaced remiges. Hence, 3cy that return to Iberia look quite avanced compared to resident birds of the same age; in the case of birds that remain in Africa and return in their 4cy, they have benefitted from 8 extra months of active moult compared to resident birds, looking indeed like resident 5cy Griffons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625936595659-X966V2FNJW652NJJ4OML/griffon+vulture+3cy+migratory.JPG Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Migratory 3cy Griffon Vultures (all photos taken in May by Guillermo Rodríguez). The number of replaced primaries typically varies between 6 and 7, with several secondaries moulted too. The remaining juvenile remiges look very worn and faded. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625936970345-4FRDHMQ0J32AAMJ23W6O/griffon+vulture+migratory+4cy.JPG Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Migratory 4cy Griffon Vulture, April, Tarifa, Andalucia, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). Another classic example of a 4cy that has replaced the complete set of juvenile primaries and secondaries, and has started a new wave in the inner primaries moulting p1-3. These birds retain a very dark iris but both the bill and the ruff are slighly paler than in juvenile birds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1626130187685-EA5Q436TNYD5JTPQXLM3/muda_buitres_hist_2.png Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Figure 2. Number of replaced primaries by April in resident (N Spain) and migratory (birds seen crossing the Strait of Gibraltar) Griffon Vultures. The analysis was done in an unsupervised manner (without ageing the birds), but the different age-classes clearly emerge as separate clusters. The average number of replaced primaries in migratory 3cy Griffons roughly lies in between the mean values of resident 3cy and 4cy birds. The distribution of moulted primaries in migratory 4cy overlaps with that of resident 5cy Griffons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625936455810-EXN7NWODJ5L7JOTICSLH/griffon+vulture+migrant+2cy.JPG Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Migratory 2cy Griffon Vultures, June (left) and May (right) (Guillermo Rodríguez). Note that some 2cy arrive at the Iberian Peninsula with 1 or 2 inner primaries replaced, meaning they have started their primary moult a few months before in the winter quarters. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625936988003-CMVQKGLNH1KRW9FJX15T/griffon+vulture+migratory+4cy+javier+elorriaga.jpg Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Migratory 4cy Griffon Vulture, April, Tarifa, Andalucia, Spain (Javier Elorriaga). This bird shows a slightly retarded moult for its age, actively moulting p10 and only showing two third-generation inner primaries. Griffons are aggresively harassed by local Yellow-legged Gulls when they hit the coast of Tarifa, some of them even falling down to the sea and dying. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625937024428-8JRPW7TOMBUYHIJWAUWA/griffon+vulture+resident+5cy+migratory+4cy.JPG Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Comparison between a 5cy resident (left) and a 4cy migratory (right) Griffon Vultures (left picture taken in July at Catalonia, N Spain, by Guillermo Rodríguez; right picture taken in April at Tarifa, Spain, by Javier Elorriaga). Note the very similar moult pattern in both birds despite the one-year difference in age. In resident birds, the degree of wear is more homogeneous than in migratory birds, in which recently moulted feathers strongly contrast with older feathers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625935849982-26EUWMHODMHKR6ONXJVU/griffon+vulture+resident+n+spain.JPG Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Moult progress in a resident population of Griffon Vultures (all photos taken in late February, Catalonia, N Spain by Guillermo Rodríguez), from left to right: 2cy, 3cy, 4cy, and 5cy. The 2cy bird still sports a neat plumage without much wear. The 3cy bird has moulted the three innermost primaries, but not a single secondary has been replaced. In the 4cy bird, the primary moult has reached p7, and about 50% of secondaries have been moulted. The 5cy bird has completed its first primary moult and started a new front that now reaches p3. All the juvenile secondaries have been replaced too (note that the worn secondaries are second generation feathers: rounded and lacking the characteristic pointed tip of juvenile feathers). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1625936754613-ZJBBK32VBAGK6N52DX2H/griffon+vulture+resident+3cy+evolution.JPG Blog - Complex ageing of Griffon Vulture as a result of different moulting strategies in immature birds - Make it stand out Resident 3cy Griffon Vultures, pictures taken in (from left to right) June, July and late August in N Spain (Guillermo Rodriguez). During the 3cy the primary moult of resident birds progresses, typically reaching p6/7 in August, around 4 months later than in migratory 3cy birds. Note the moderate wear of the juvenile feathers as compared to those of the migratory 3cy shown in the previous plate. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/a-boyds-shearwater-in-a-barolo-colony monthly 0.5 2021-08-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1620211284748-YKUD75PKC4JM83SIBTIN/Repertoire_boydi+copy.jpg Blog - A Boyd’s Shearwater in a Barolo colony - Figure 5. Different songs of the presumed Boyd’s Shearwater Puffinus boydi recorded in S La Gomera, Canary Islands, December 2020. Note exhaled phases composed by one main note that can be followed and precede by two tiny notes. Overall frequency tends to increase from the middle towards the end and the inhaled note tens to be flat or slightly decreasing. Note also that most exhaled notes in A) are rounded, but they can sometimes be pointed as in B). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1620199267039-DY64WBO37WL927FV1GL0/Puffinus+boydi+1.jpg Blog - A Boyd’s Shearwater in a Barolo colony Figure 2. Boyd’s Shearwater Puffinus boydi. Ferry crossing from Tenerife to La Gomera, December 10th 2012. © Marcel Gil-Velasco https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1620199821531-8LZBM6Y89M3FEEYXWF3K/captions.jpg Blog - A Boyd’s Shearwater in a Barolo colony Figure 3. Comments on some of the most striking sound features in a vagrant Boyd's Shearwater. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1620197269086-N8RNYYWAGV7XEFAU44E7/boydi+11+2U1A7823.jpg Blog - A Boyd’s Shearwater in a Barolo colony Figure 1. Boyd's Shearwater Puffinus boydi off Raso, Cape Verde. April 2019. © Guillermo Rodríguez. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1620211224586-2LHKBXNHO374SO2IMWRZ/barolo+repertoire.jpg Blog - A Boyd’s Shearwater in a Barolo colony - Figure 4. Different examples of male Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli spectrograms. All the exhaled phases are composed by 3 to 6 peaks, with a tendency to increase the number of peaks as the song goes on. The peaks are similar, although some birds can sometimes produce sharper modulations leading to more pointed peaks, as in C). Peaks can be connected (D) or discrete (C), but most individuals produce both types (A & B). The inhaled note tends to be arched, without a flat topping, and readily follows the last exhaled note. A) and D) show how flat it can get, while B produced a combination of quite flat and arched notes and C) very arched notes.. In addition, the overall frequency stays the same along the entire song. Note also the short distance to the first visible harmonic, what makes them sound harsher (particularly visible in the last 2 phrases of C), almost female-like!). A) Male Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli. Montaña Clara, Canary Islands, December 2019. ©Cory’s B) Male Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli. Timanfaya, Lanzarote, Canary Islands, December 2020. ©Cory’s C) Male Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli. Montaña Clara, Canary Islands, December 2020. ©Cory’s D) Male Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli. Timanfaya, Canary Islands, December 2020. ©Cory’s https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1620199690184-CA4I1MJ9OHF7DFJBI04C/VocalActivity.jpg Blog - A Boyd’s Shearwater in a Barolo colony - Figure 3. Vocal activity of both Boyd’s Shearwater Puffinus boydi and Barolo Shearwater Puffinus barolii at the colony during December 2020, S La Gomera. ©Cory’s Figure 3. Vocal activity patterns of both Boyd’s and Barolo Shearwater at a colony in S La Gomera, Canary Is, during courtship season (December 2020). © Cory’s. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/an-apparent-hybrid-red-x-black-kite-in-spain monthly 0.5 2021-01-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1611953156674-4JMC4FJGO8TT74NNIKY8/image-asset.jpeg Blog - An apparent hybrid Red x Black Kite in Spain Presumed hybrid Red x Black Kite, adult, January 2020, Madrid, Spain (Javier Parrilla). The Black Kite influence is obvious, including the wing formula with 6 fingers and shallow tail fork, with marked tail barring. Still, the bird looks structurally closer to Red Kite. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1611953138473-0SJ74QM810XN3U30FKI4/Milanos-Filomena-%281-de-1%29-5.jpg Blog - An apparent hybrid Red x Black Kite in Spain Presumed hybrid Red x Black Kite, adult, January 2020, Madrid, Spain (Javier Parrilla). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1611952993270-4GRZILSXDA5UNPODXN9H/Milanos-Filomena-%281-de-1%29-4.jpg Blog - An apparent hybrid Red x Black Kite in Spain Presumed hybrid Red x Black Kite, adult, January 2020, Madrid, Spain (Javier Parrilla). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1611953079613-V6F0ZWB4ZRR3URKXE572/image-asset.jpeg Blog - An apparent hybrid Red x Black Kite in Spain Presumed hybrid Red x Black Kite, adult, January 2020, Madrid, Spain (Javier Parrilla). Intermediate in shape between Red and Black Kites, although apparently as large as the former in direct comparison. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1611953115504-85O15IKEPK5MWFO1CFL3/Milanos-Filomena-%281-de-1%29-3.jpg Blog - An apparent hybrid Red x Black Kite in Spain Presumed hybrid Red x Black Kite, adult, January 2020, Madrid, Spain (Javier Parrilla). In this picture the pattern of the upperwing coverts and the Red Kite ‘facial expression’ are obvious, but the tail strongly points towards Black Kite. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/eastern-black-kites-in-europe-a-new-look monthly 0.5 2023-10-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610215465268-W14EB89RV84FJV4TDPHK/SP.jpg Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 5. European Black Kites, likely young adults (3-5cy), June-August, Catalonia, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). A sample showing representative examples of young adults. Despite the variation in some features such as iris color and head colour, all European birds are quite homogeneous in terms of body colour and invariably show dark vent concolorous with the belly, and dark primary base. European are lightly built kites, exhibiting an elegant silhouette due to their narrow wings and long tail. The wing typically looks pointed (much in a Montagu’s Harrier manner). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610130154591-82VRU50A0QEZL98SQZG2/West+Siberian+Black+Kite+Spain+Delfin+Gonzalez.JPG Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 20. West Siberian Black Kite, 3cy+, February, Madrid, Spain (Delfín González). A magnificent individual of obvious eastern origin. This bird even shows a slightly pale vent and a faint streaking, in addition to other typical features of Siberian birds. Notice also the very retarded moult, still replacing p10 in February. Perhaps a high-latitude breeder? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610735491123-7F2A7G1ISA8VBJ4LVUTH/4types_temp3_labels.JPG Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 2. Plumage gradation in adult Black Kite across Eurasia: representative examples of the four plumage-types defined above. From left to right: Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez), Israel (Guillermo Rodríguez), Mongolia (Simon Colenutt - TheDeskboundBirder), and Thailand (Jens Erik Nygård). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610215657274-MVHAFV7P18KFRS29ZUY5/India.jpg Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 15. Central Siberian Black Kites, 3cy+, December, India (Guillermo Rodríguez). Some birds from India for comparison. Wintering Black Kites in India typically show much darker plumage, faint streaking and paler vent than those wintering in the Middle East. Some birds, such as the one on the left from the Rajasthan, still show pale iris and darkish vent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610128165452-0MEEU3E4IA5S0OJJGK4Y/West+Siberian+Black+Kite+Denmark+Tonny+Kristiansen Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 19. West Siberian Black Kite, May, Skagen, Denmark (Tonny Kristiansen). Some of the birds seen in migration in Scandinavia have a striking Eastern look, making one wonder how far East do they come from and which migration routes do they follow. This individual shows pale-ish vent and faint streaking, typical features of Central Siberian Black Kites. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610128314954-OE31ECNZJC1FDYNSBBV9/European+Black+Kites+head+pattern+Juan+Sagardia Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 4. European Black Kites, 3cy+, Castilla y León, Spain (Juan Sagardia). Black Kites retain features of immaturity for around 4-5 years (left, middle) before acquiring the characteristic look of old adults (right). These features include brownish head, brownish iris and a hint of ear-patch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610128036328-8MUP48AT861VNLVKQWOY/West+Siberian+Black+Kite+Petteri+Hytonen+Finland+2 Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 18. West Siberian Black Kite, 3cy+, May, Ämmässuo, Finland (Petteri Hytönen). Another example of a Black Kite seen in Finland showing a classic West Siberian appearance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610215541145-37AW3DOZZE6L09IVUWJ3/KZ.jpg Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 10. West Siberian Black Kites, 3cy+, Astana-Almaty, Kazakhstan, around 70ºE (Guillermo Rodríguez). Birds from Central Kazakhstan (the eastern limit of West Siberian Black Kite’s range) still look quite European-like as they are cinnamon/rusty and quite neat, differing from the typical dark brown and streaked plumage of Far Eastern Black Kites. They also show a high variability in terms of extension of white on the primaries and iris colour. Nevertheless, compared with birds from Moscow or the Urals, they already show some contrast between belly and vent, although the vent typically looks dirty brownish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610127916391-LXFU6CQCUXTAWMIFE7CI/Black+Kite+Israel+Klaus+Bjerre Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 11. West Siberian Black Kite, 3cy+, March, N Negev, Israel (Klaus Bjerre). A bird with a strong European feeling, but note brownish iris, grey restricted to the head, solid ear-path, and more saturated cinnamon plumage colour. It also looks bulky and broad-winged. Some of these features are subjective and depend on the light conditions, so out-of-range identification of birds like this one should be taken with caution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610215601034-BKF0OODXAA2OHS1M85IT/Israel1.jpg Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 12. West Siberian Black Kites, 3cy+, December, N Negev, Israel (Guillermo Rodríguez). A sample of Black Kites from Israel showing no white on the primaries. Note that, even if some of these kites are quite European-like, they typically show brownish head, variable ear-patch, and dark iris. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610134622643-9WB40JIMVX7LP3RZQWWU/European+Black+Kite+2cy+Spain.JPG Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 8. European Black Kites, 2cy, June, Catalonia, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). Second-year European Black Kites superficially resemble adult West Siberian due to the combination of dark eye, ear-patch and white on the outer primaries, so ageing is important before trying to address the origin of a Black Kite. In these two birds, the pale tips to the body feathers, characteristic of the juvenile plumage, are still obvious and thus the ageing is straightforward. However, many Black Kites are hard to age, particularly in Asia where the juvenile and adult plumages are much more alike . The shape of the secondaries and an inhomogeneous wear of the flight feathers are reliable features for ageing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610215620014-PSGDEPPLEX25BSML4TDX/Israel2.jpg Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 13. West Siberian Black Kites, 3cy+, December, N Negev, Israel (Guillermo Rodríguez). A sample of Black Kites from Israel showing extensive white on the primaries. A few more examples to get a sense of the plumage variation of the kites wintering in this region. Most birds show solid dark vent, with at most a faint contrast between belly and vent - comparison of these birds with those shown in Plate 9 (Moscow) and Plate10 (C Kazakhstan) suggests that most of the birds wintering in the Eastern Mediterranean come from the area extending between 40-70ºE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610128283841-5K9SR3LOADUEF24H5KA1/European+Black+Kites+adults+Miguel+Rodriguez+Esteban Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 3. European Black Kites, 3cy+, April, Castilla y León, Spain (Miguel Rodríguez-Esteban). Adult European Black Kites show little variation, with a characteristic pale cinnamon ground colour combined with a pale grey hood. The iris in full adult birds is nearly white. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610127961981-WHN85UCQ2WI3S3S37GNO/Black+Kite+lineatus+intergrade+Israel+Klaus+Bjerre Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 14. West/Central Siberian Black Kite, 3cy+, March, N Negev, Israel (Klaus Bjerre). This bird, also a wintering individual from N Negev, shows an interesting combination of features: the vent is clearly paler than the belly, with a faint streaked impression on the lower belly. Birds like this individual, resembling kites from Central/Eastern Kazakhstan, are scarce but not truly rare in Israel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610135087599-WMLVXFK5G8C09XCA5P3F/European+Black+Kite+immature+Spain.JPG Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 6. European Black Kites, young adults (3-5cy), Catalonia, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez) and Castilla y León, Spain (Juan Sagardía). Two more examples of young adult birds retaining immature traits that superficially resemble birds from further east. Note however solid dark on the primary base, faint barring on the inner primaries, no contrast at all on the vent, and typical pale cinnamon plumage. The dark iris is usually brown, rather than deep red as is often shown by Eastern Black Kites. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610135262756-YEGO42QOKSOZNGS9P1GW/Black+Kite+immature+Spain.JPG Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 7. Black Kite, likely European, likely 3cy, August, Catalonia, Spain (Guillermo Rodríguez). A tricky bird, quite similar to a West Siberian Black Kite. Location and early date suggest a young adult European. Confusing birds like this one are relatively rare. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610215505453-1ZGYSJBBLKMCXC1N1WF0/Moscu.jpg Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 9. West Siberian Black Kites, 3cy+, Moscow c.38ºE (Pavel Parkhaev). Birds from the Moscow area, roughly the western limit of West Siberian Black Kite as defined here. Some birds from this area already show white at the base of the primaries (left, middle) whereas most birds look like pretty standard European Black Kites (right). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610128098352-65WBIXJ9YHM43WIT1ZL1/West+Siberian+Black+Kite+Petteri+Hytonen+Finland Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 17. West Siberian Black Kite, 3cy+, May, Ämmässuo, Finland (Petteri Hytönen). A summer visitor to Finland, seen at a rubbish dump (perhaps a young adult?), showing the classic aspect of a West Siberian Black Kite. Compare how different these birds look with the Black Kites from W and S Europe (Plates 5-7), both in plumage and structure. This type of birds are often aged as 2cy, and thus ageing is a key step in the identification process. Migratory kites usually moult most of the primaries in the breeding grounds, whilst most of the secondaries are replaced in the wintering areas; consequently, a contrast between worn inner primaries and fresh secondaries is typical of adult birds in spring. In this particular individual, one can see which secondaries were moulted in the breeding grounds (worn) and which ones were replaced more recently in winter (fresh). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610225842682-QH9UK188Z8NKPV2NR0GI/Black-Kite_Map.jpg Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Figure 1. Definition of the main plumage-types of Black Kite across Eurasia based on the combination of the two key plumage features: European (dark primary base, dark vent), West Siberian (white on primary base, dark vent), Central Siberian (white on primary base, pale brown vent) and Far Eastern (white on primary base, solid pale vent) Black Kites. The plumage-type represents the most common plumage of the region, but for instance birds from West and Central Siberia with dark underwing aren’t extremely rare. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610303319913-4LR35YOK69C2CRA4DPCG/western+siberian+black+kite+spain.JPG Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 16. West Siberian Black Kite, 1cy (left, by Miguel Rodríguez-Esteban) and 3cy (right, by Miguel Rouco), Castilla y León, Spain. Bird ringed at nest in N Sweden. There is limited variation in Eastern Black Kites in juvenile plumage; this individul looks quite similar to a true lineatus - and that’s why we’ve centered our analysis on adult birds. Also compare it with this wintering bird from UK. Already in adult plumage, this well-studied bird shows brownish head, dark ear-patch, dark iris, white on p10-p8, strong barring on inner primaries, dull cere and a slightly paler vent than the belly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610131397018-YBKE06SRFTM2LDMCSEAG/West+Siberian+Black+Kite+Spain+Thomas+Kuppel.JPG Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 21. West Siberian Black Kite, 4cy+ (returning individual), December, Catalonia, Spain (Thomas Kuppel). Note that this bird lacks the outer primary coverts, and thus more white than usual is visible. This isn’t the most obvious Eastern Black Kit seen in Europe, but still exhibits obvious traits supporting an Eastern origin, including dull cere colur, dark ear-patch, brownish plumage including head. In the field it also looks stonker and with broad wings when seen alongside European Black Kites. Most of the Black Kites seen in Europe in winter show this combination of features. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1610215275941-BVM2AP8DXR768U2JVDY8/West+Siberian+Black+Kite+Spain+Miguel+Rouco Blog - Eastern Black Kites in Europe: a new look Plate 1. West Siberian Black Kite, 4cy, Castilla y León, Spain (Miguel Rouco). This bird has spent every winter since 2016 at a rubbish dump in Salamanca, Central Spain. It shows obvious Black-eared Kite features, including dark iris, brownish head, dull cere, white on the base of the primaries and a solid ear-patch. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/iberian-chiffchaff-identification-the-state-of-the-art monthly 0.5 2022-07-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600588572846-UNWSGD3EIIZVOESIDLT6/song%2Bsonogram%2Biberian%2Bchiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 17. Classical Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus song, with the most usual note types labelled. Crémenes, León, August 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600541460409-NK8Y4F5UO7DUTK936E7Y/common+chiffchaff+face+pattern Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 6. Variation in nominate type Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita face pattern. The eyebrow is less conspicuous on average. Usually thinner in front of the eye than in Iberian, and less clean in the rear part. Usually darker cheeks and better-defined contrast between cheeks and throat. Note the shorter and darker bill. A: Lisboa, February 2020, Marcel Gil-Velasco. B: Girona, April 2015, Fran Trabalon. C: Girona, March 2015, Fran Trabalon. D: Girona, March 2015, Fran Trabalon. E: Girona, October 2012, Fran Trabalon. F: Girona, January 2012, Fran Trabalon. G: Girona, January 2012, Fran Trabalon. H, I, J. Lisboa, February 2020, Marcel Gil-Velasco. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542328979-0BUVDYEHPFY1ZNGDV80H/worn+iberian+common+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 14. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus (left) and Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (right). A comparison between worn individuals. Common Chiffchaff can acquire a paler plumage overall when worn, but they also tend to lose the yellow tones. Iberians usually keep good amount of yellow, especially in the face and the breast band. In this plumage, Iberian is closer to Willow Warbler in my opinion. Left: Valladolid, July 2016, Juan Sagardía. Right: Girona, July 2013, Fran Trabalon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600540862638-M65MO0I31LTPDBLV05T4/Iberian+primary+spacing.jpg Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 1. Comparison between the primary spacing of Iberian Chiffchaff (left) and Common Chiffchaff (right). Note the 4th and 5th spaces (counting inside out) are of equal length in Iberian, whereas the 5th space is longer in Common. Sketch by Martí Franch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542050640-OANKHDJXZGT3KH0BZGMY/common+chiffchaff+legg Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 10. Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita legs are usually described as dark brown or blackish, but they can look surprisingly pale. Birds like A and paler aren’t the commonest, but we might end up seeing one a day if we pay attention enough in Chiffchaff-rich areas. B, C & D are the most classic dark brown, whereas E and F are blacker – not as jet black as in a classic Siberian though. A: Girona, March 2015, Fran Trabalon. B: Girona, January 2012, Fran Trabalon. C: Girona, January 2015, Fran Trabalon. D: Girona, October 2012, Fran Trabalon. E: Girona, April 2015, Fran Trabalon. F: Girona, March 2017, Fran Trabalon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600587564317-QEYGDHCMHGD1HZ6IC4IA/iberian+common+chiffchaff+comparison Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 8. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus (left) and Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (right). Note that Common can show much yellow on the underparts, sometimes even more than Iberian. However, Iberian tends to show paler throat (extending into the cheeks) and almost pure white belly, leading to a paler overall impression. Barcelona, April 2010, Juan Bécares. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600588447438-RQMLBCH33DX2QGRK9ABN/common+chiffchaff+israel Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 25. Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita. Fernando Arce. Israel, March 2008. Again, very Iberian-like eyebrow and face pattern, in this case accompanied by a brighter green back and scapulars. In a vagrant context, this bird should be heard vocalising to clinch the id. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600541338303-ACUAHDPDBXUJ3OY2BSP3/iberian+chiffchaff+head+pattern Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 5. Variation in Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus face pattern. The eyebrow type depicted in A is quite rare, involving less than 10% of the birds. The birds in pictures B to F show an eyebrow of even width, but light and colour ultimately define its sharpness. G to J show classic large eyebrows in front and above of the eye, quite typical in bright birds. Note that, despite the different light conditions, there is a consistent contrast between the fore and the rear eyebrow, the former being yellower and the latter being generally paler. Moreover, the transition between cheeks and throat is very smooth, leading to a more open-faced impression and a better-defined eye-stripe. The bill in all the photos looks somewhat long, but notice especially the more extensively pale lower mandible. All photos taken by Juan Sagardía in spring in Valladolid. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542146480-VRNVMMIRUKHUMG2TAUS4/iberian+common+chiffchaff+profile+comparison Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 11. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus (left) and Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (right). Although this Iberian is an example of a dark bird, note that head differences still stand: better-contrasted eyebrow (yellower from the bill to the rear eye) and diffuse cheeks with a smoother transition to the throat (leading to a more open-faced impression). Left: Valladolid, April 2017, Juan Sagardía. Right: Girona, February 2012, Fran Trabalon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542213673-YYD99530N6JCHXOMW3ZM/front+iberian+common+chiffchaff+comparison Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 12. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus (left) and Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (right). Very classical Iberian compared to a slightly yellower than average Common. The eyebrows are very similar in this case, but the cheeks are still paler in Iberian. Despite a considerable amount of yellow in this Common Chiffchaff, note the dirtier impression compared to the Iberian, which also shows the classical broken golden breast band. Structure-wise, the Iberian typically offers a smaller head impression. Left: Valladolid, April 2016, Juan Sagardía. Right: Girona, January 2012, Fran Trabalon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600541172222-CUNWDGXSV5E6D6QY5AU6/bright+iberian+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 4. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus. Brightest extreme of the variation. In my opinion, this kind of birds can be safely identified out of range even if completely silent. Miguel Ángel Fuentes, Girona, March 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542957372-3VYD9X4TWZTAX2U2138M/calls+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 20. Calls of some Chiffchaff taxa. The first two types are emitted by nominate subspecies and presumably by abietinus too. Pure Siberian and Iberian Chiffchaff invariably produce these descending calls, although Siberian shows a flat top of the arch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542831251-LPTDOYS8Y9VETW26ES2W/song+iberian+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 18. Songs of an Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus. Crémenes, León, August 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542283882-MQTD0AYEWCGJG2QH2IFM/back+iberian+common+chiffchaff+comparison Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 13. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus (left) and Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (right). Apart from the head differences already described (which are also present here), note the neater upperparts with quite pure golden tons in scapulars and some back feathers. Left: Valladolid, April 2016, Juan Sagardía. Right: Girona, October 2014, Fran Trabalon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600587643723-AQLKQGZLTATSPEZN55MQ/comparison+common+chiffchaff+sweden Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 21. Top: Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, presumably collybita. Middle: Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita ssp. reminiscent of both abietinus and Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus. Bottom: Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita ssp; a very big individual of a Northern population. Falsterbo, Sweden, October 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600588535212-ZUENT71GE43S3I8G0Q7C/mixed%2Bsinger%2Biberian%2Bcommon%2Bchiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 19. Mixed singer Phylloscopus cf. ibericus. Stanislas Wroza. Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France. XC: XC557547. Both songs are emitted by the same individual but they are very different nonetheless. Although the duration and frequency are good for Iberian in both cases, the first song includes several h-shaped elements and inverted ticks and doesn’t give the tidied-up impression of the second song, that perfectly fits Iberian. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600587171809-MRZ9EYJCRDMZEADW8FKH/common+chiffchaff+israel Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 23. Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita. Fernando Arce. Israel, March 2008. Both the eyebrow and the underparts are very reminiscent of Iberian Chiffchaff: the eyebrow shows a more saturated fore part, the end of the eye being the border between this and a paler rear part. The transition between the cheeks and the throat is smooth and the underparts are clean and pale overall, with just some scattered yellow stripes. A bird like that could be misidentified as a dark-type Iberian (Figure 2), so vocal evidences must be gathered. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600541086647-BS9F3MOXJULQBB1O1C0F/classic+iberian+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 3. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus. In-between individual. The most typical overall colouration, but amount of yellow on the face and the underparts very variable, approaching either side of the variation. Juan Sagardia, Valladolid, April 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600541003437-H276YXPZIX8RNEODMTWH/dark+iberian+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 2. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus. Dark individual. Note the greyer dark olive green above and the limited yellow below. This particular individual shows some yellow in the eyebrow and the flanks, but some can miss even this little amount. Juan Sagardia, Valladolid, April 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542003678-QRWMLMYEIKPQEYBBQ5FU/iberian+chiffchaff+legg Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 9. Leg colour variation in Iberian Chiffchaff Phyllosopus ibericus. B to D are all very similar, but included here to depict the changing impression depending on light and angle. A is very rare, with less than 5% of the individuals showing such yellow toes. F is common among 1cy birds, but quite rare even within 2cy birds; very rare in adults. A: Tarifa, September 2016, Andy Butler. B-F: Valladolid, Spring, Juan Sagardía. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600542399887-36ACXDUH0V4UTR9QD17W/muda.jpg Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art - Figure 15. Frequency in which each primary is moulted during the post-juvenile moult. Data from Llobregat Delta originally published in Rodriguez, et al. 2013. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600585719714-OO8U00F3UDYMIWILQBED/moult+limit+primaries+iberian+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 16. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus. Classical field views. Even while the bird is foraging in a dense bush, it's possible to capture the moult in a photo. In this case, the moult limit is between p4 and p5. Rebollo de Duero, Soria, April 2010. Juan Bécares. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600587244937-TXNS7SRY2QYHEQHS6H71/common+chiffchaff+israel Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 24. Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita ssp. Fernando Arce. Israel, March 2008. Similar to the bird in Figure 23, but apparently brighter yellow above. The bulky impression doesn’t fit Iberian thought, and could imply an Eastern or Northern influence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600587073837-QB602ETPEGMAA1IGSVIZ/collybita+iberian+like+sweden Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 22. In front, a Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita reminiscent of both abietinus and ibericus; in the back, a presumably nominate Common Chiffchaff. Note the neat impression of the bird in front, with a better-defined eyebrow and some purer yellow tones, both in the upperparts and the underparts. Extensively white belly too. Falsterbo, Sweden, October 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1600541775022-WWNVXAO7V487JMOOYK6S/pale+iberian+chiffchaff Blog - Iberian Chiffchaff identification: the state of the art Figure 7. Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus. The pale underparts, opened face and neat impression overall could even remind a Bonelli’s Warbler! Rebollo de Duero, Soria, April 2010. Juan Bécares. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/strongthe-interesting-case-of-the-ipswich-sparrowstrong monthly 0.5 2020-07-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1588421083461-E0XOG99VAO7K8QN0ASLW/ipswich+sparrow+IMG_6264.JPG Blog - The interesting case of the Ipswich Sparrow Ipswich Sparrow (back, left) with Savannah Sparrows. October 2017, Massachusetts, USA. Note the much bigger size and bulkier structure of Ipswich Sparrow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1588420891177-6VMQRGCAA1LP2KBQRLEY/ipswich+sparrow+IMG_5234.JPG Blog - The interesting case of the Ipswich Sparrow Ipswich Sparrow. October 2016, Massachusetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1588420836654-0HGQZ17212GDYZPVY9TH/ipswich+sparrow+IMG_5219.jpg Blog - The interesting case of the Ipswich Sparrow Ipswich Sparrow. October 2016, Massachusetts, USA. There is some variability on the level of brightness and contrast, perhaps related to sex and age https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1588418951944-SZZCBJKFMJ79QY280RSD/ipswich%2BsparrOw%2BIMG_5217.jpg Blog - The interesting case of the Ipswich Sparrow Ipswich Sparrow. October 2016, Massachusetts, USA. Note dull sandy plumage, indistinct head patterm and bulky structure compared to classic Savannah Sparrow - all adding for a more Old World bunting general appearence rather than a Nearctic Sparrow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1594210772797-655WNZHA169Z7CS159WM/savannah+sparrow.JPG Blog - The interesting case of the Ipswich Sparrow (Eastern) Savannah Sparrow, an autumn migrant of the savannah/oblitus/labradorius group. October 2017, Massachusetts, USA. A classic Savannah with contrasting plumage with bold face pattern, body streaking, and bright rufous fringes of wing coverts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1588421012933-F2I7K9GIXZ2W7FLQZ38N/ipswich+sparrow+IMG_6266.JPG Blog - The interesting case of the Ipswich Sparrow Ipswich Sparrow (front) with Savannah Sparrow (back). October 2017, Massachusetts, USA. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/strongunderwing-pattern-in-dowitchersstrong monthly 0.5 2020-06-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565571879-J28FTS9GUJGXIKP6LFIG/short+billed+dowitcher+adult+cairinus+2U1A8097.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, adults, ssp caurinus. California, September 2017. Uniform barring in all wing coverts typical of the species. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589727297887-WDIOIYN2NZWKUO2EFHI5/0V2A6437_edit2.jpg Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Long-billed Dowitcher, California, USA, February 2020. Picture by Steve Hampton. In winter, since the underparts are paler, the patch looks less contrasted but still obvious. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1590007462659-ZCFXE5NH1XEQYQ2K02VE/0V2A6336_edit2.jpg Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Long-billed Dowitcher, California, USA, November 2018. Picture by Brooke A Miller. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589725777544-D2TVRWFFOXIMYRJEIVGP/short+billed+long+billed+dowitcher+underwing+-+identification+plate.jpg Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Plate 1. Underwing pattern in Long-billed (left) and Short-billed Dowitcher (right). Illustrations: Marti Franch / Subalpine Birding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589232666997-YZAYV06CYWVXCY7O7SPF/griseus+IMG_0831.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitchers, adults. Massachusetts, August 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565741772-20ZG6Z0N4OOLYMB263TP/short+billed+dowitcher+juvenile+IMG_2418.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, juvenile. Massachusetts, September 2017. Juvenile Short-billed Dowitchers often show quite pale tails. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565596105-NMCVOVGENHIJNUT3BJZO/short+billed+dowitcher+juvenile+IMG_2200.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, juvenile (presumed ssp. griseus). Massachusetts, August 2017. Note the characteristic axillary pattern of juvenile, with irregular barring and a dark line along the feather contour forming a big V. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565524816-B25AUE74PDSUDPMYNUOD/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, adult, ssp griseus. Massachusetts, August 2017. Another bird showing a slightly pale area at the wing base, due to the V marks restricted to the inner part of the feather on the lesser coverts close to the body. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565552812-1J7YJJ2FSAA2MAVGE9R1/short+billed+dowitcher+cairinus+2U1A8532.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, adult, ssp caurinus. California, September 2017. A classic caurinus showing slightly finer barring on the axillary than the griseus shown above. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589710120441-M0UX2WTX6Z1UJGTM2GOI/Long-billed%2BDowitcher%2B-%2BFrank%2BLake%2BAlberta.jpg Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Long-billed Dowitcher, adults, Alberta, Canada, May 2015. Picture by Brian Elder. At some distance, the underwing looks more uniform grey, but the white patch at the wing base is still obvious. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589823183386-UBDX0DBDDOOWASKZIKI3/ML175425091.jpg Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Long-billed Dowitcher, adult, New Brunswick, Canada. September 2019. Picture by Jim Carroll. Although not the darkest-winged Long-billed, note that this bird shows visible dark spots on the lesser coverts that usually form the white patch. The pattern still looks quite different from that typical of Short-billed. Surely there are trickier birds than this one out there, but they might be pretty rare! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565416467-F6FIQSFG92U1B2AA1ZQ8/short+billed+dowitcher+adult+hendersoni+IMG_0904.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, adult, ssp griseus/hendersoni. Massachusetts, August 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565716326-7R6H1X8ETQZ54QF0T6ZJ/short+billed+dowitcher+juvenile+adult+griseus+IMG_2372.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, juvenile (left) and adult (right), ssp. griseus. Massachusetts, August 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589567939145-Q8LUYC7NO14TQ4L9VZTY/lbdo_bob_steele_L5C7466.jpg Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Juvenile Long-billed Dowitcher, California, October. Picture by Bob Steele. An average bird in terms of barring, note absence or just tiny ‘V’ marks on the lesser coverts close to the body and the leading edge of the wing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1589565452524-39SZXK8YOCSXHOOVO2LA/short+billed+dowitcher+adult+IMG_0767.JPG Blog - Underwing pattern in dowitchers Short-billed Dowitcher, adults, ssp griseus. Massachusetts, August 2017. Note how the broad fringes of the lesser coverts close to the body form a hint of pale patch; however, as all the feathers do have visible dark patterning, the pale area looks dirtier and not as neat and white as in Long-billed. The broad barring on axillary feathers is also shown by most birds. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/female-eider-plumages-in-the-western-atlantic monthly 0.5 2020-09-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785521987-OLVRJWKFOHI0PMOPQ2AQ/eider+dresseri+first+winter+female+IMG_2381.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider, first-winter female, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785039855-ZP0U79QYQQAXIONZQ3H1/IMG_5525.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Northern Eider (ssp. borealis), adult female, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785459012-HZCSG5FDY81DWZOUUU8L/eider+dresseri+adult+female+sails+IMG_1602.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider, adult female, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785195117-ZJM9E278X8NZI79G5DYO/northern+or+dressers+eider+adult+female.jpg Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Northern Eider (ssp. borealis), adult female, Massachussetts, USA. Picture by Ryan Schain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785111559-12QJQP3LX2H1KJARIYVG/northenr+eider+adult+female+IMG_7143.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Northern Eider (ssp. borealis), adult female, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785134881-65SJ232OPRKBMZKLCABW/northern+eider+adult+female+IMG_7130.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider (front) and Northern Eider (back), adult females, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785502920-4EFG311UJ24ZWLMXP5US/eider+dresseri+first+winter+female+IMG_2120.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider, first-winter female, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586784997615-UP0HHPA45U44CIORGQKZ/northern+eaider+adult+female+IMG_5483.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Northern Eider (ssp. borealis), adult female, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586784201790-VPF65F2VANGGO9J9U9FT/dressers+eiders+females+IMG_5420.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider, adult females. Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785480717-XGX55PCU3B7O59V381VR/second+winter+female+IMG_5012.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider, female, Massachussetts, USA. The wing coverts of this bird are intermediate between those of adults and juveniles, suggesting a second-winter bird. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785439088-UPR6XONMSSEEOSQZUQ35/eider+dresseri+adult+female+IMG_1635.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider, adult female, Massachussetts, USA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785827779-HA2RWGJ0MJ7FOP46CEZX/eider+ssp+adult+female+1565.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s/Northern Eider, adult female, Massachussetts, USA. This bird looks like a typical Dresser’s Eider in terms of plumage, but the bill lobes are Northern-like. Whether this responds just to variation within Dresser’s or this is an intergrade remains unknown. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785219184-31QRU4VCAYCG3ARR0PP4/36441291.jpg Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Northern Eider (ssp. borealis), adult female, Massachussetts, USA. Picture by Ryan Schain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586784738716-S0726CCGDLNQXMNJE0WT/NF+1.jpg Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Northern Eider (ssp. borealis), Newfoundland, Canada. Picture by Bruce Mactavish https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586785542323-0EZYLGDCQS0R316DM71W/dressers+eiders+females+color+variation+IMG_5169.JPG Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Dresser’s Eider, adult female, Massachussetts, USA. Female Dresser’s exhibit considerable variation in their overall plumage coloration. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586784722846-F3NRP8OZI1CH9IC8094S/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Female eider plumages in the western Atlantic Northern Eider (ssp. borealis), Newfoundland, Canada. Picture by Bruce Mactavish https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/juvenile-semipalmated-plovers-variability-of-key-features monthly 0.5 2020-09-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586083320950-X5XIIT2J6EZ31JJADPH0/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Variability of the orbital ring colour in juvenile Semipalmated Plover. Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586082727356-YC2CA68FQ9F1Y3QG3OKA/semipalmated+plover+juvenile+IMG_5104.JPG Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586083347710-M81H6USRMWUNEYERC7X2/semipalmated+plover+semipalmation.jpg Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features - Examples of extension of the semipalmation in juvenile Semipalmated Plover. Guillermo Rodríguez Examples of extension of the semipalmation in juvenile Semipalmated Plover. Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586084144073-YGYDR8MQP0SZBZ0HTI08/semipalmated+plover+juvenile+4.JPG Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Bird 2. Juvenile Semipalmated Plover. This is a bird with a very long bill, limited white in gape and bulky structure. Again, the eyering, red patch at the base of the bill and breast band are quite typical. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586083143348-X9VCVH2R6OY6CF5EDON3/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Variability in gape pattern in juvenile Semipalmated Plover. Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586084184217-LRYU4TE8ZAR2WEGDADVP/semipalmated+plover+juvenile+5.JPG Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Bird 3. Juvenile Semipalmated Plover. The reduced and dirty white on the gape, all black bill and Common Ringed-like breast band make this individual slightly confusing, but the presence of the eyering and the bill shape are quite diagnostic. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586084409232-1ATX7IJ8HZEJO4HCGPN9/semipalmated+plover+juvenile+6.JPG Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Bird 4. Juvenile Semipalmated Plover. This is one of the most Common Ringed-like Semipalmated Plovers I've seen; the size and shape of the bill, pronounced and blackish breast band, and apparently dark gape are all quite reminiscent of Common Ringed, and likewise, the eyering is likely within the species’ range of variation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586084062863-OM0XKYN0J0Q8EFAC33AR/semipalmated+plover+juvenile+3.JPG Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Bird 1. Juvenile Semipalmated Plover. This bird completely lacks white in the gape, and the bill is relatively slender and longish. It does present other typical features such as a bright orbital ring, red at the base of the bill reaching the bottom of the upper mandible, a uniform breast band roughly concolorous with the back, and a typical pattern to the upperparts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586082900551-Q4LS5RD5NJT6LC1X32FV/1.JPG Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Juvenile Semipalmated Plover, October 2016, Massachusetts. Guillermo Rodríguez. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586083645218-6PKHFETAB8G7Z1Z9E0BR/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Tail pattern in juvenile Semipalmated Plover. Bottom right shows a Common Ringed Plover. Guillermo Rodríguez & Pablo Gutierrez. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586084563221-S8XZO8YFFRIFWU7V4OIM/common+ringed+plover+Pablo+gutierrez.jpeg Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Juvenile Common Ringed Plover, September, Spain. Pablo Gutierrez. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586084676064-LSIB0OBZPZA6QT0N69L9/common+ringed+plover+Miguel+Angel+Serrano+Rubio.jpg Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Juvenile Common Ringed Plover, September 2015, Spain. Miguel Angel Serrano Rubio. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586082930757-YSECMFFAOC7KNZJ43QWJ/2.JPG Blog - Juvenile Semipalmated Plovers: variability of key features Juvenile Semipalmated Plover, October 2016, Massachusetts. Guillermo Rodríguez. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/middle-spotted-eagle-at-taqah-oman monthly 0.5 2020-09-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585582137982-JX4E89CYHKCFYP4FXHWV/IMG_2242.jpg Blog - Middle Spotted Eagle at Taqah, Oman 1cy hybrid type Greater x Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga x Aquila pomarina. Khawr Taqah, Oman, February 2019. © Marcel Gil Velasco. The lenght of P4 was visible when the bird stretched its wings for a short flight. It’s quite long in my opinion, better fitting GSE. The secondaries look entirely plain here in terms of barring, but the pure white tip was prominent and well-defined. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585581993734-4FYA4H4DGSXH90LRUH39/IMG_2211.jpg Blog - Middle Spotted Eagle at Taqah, Oman 1cy hybrid type Greater x Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga x Aquila pomarina. Khawr Taqah, Oman, February 2019. © Marcel Gil Velasco. The most striking of the bird sat on the ground was the small size of the spots. From the distance it looked almost uniform brown, with a paler head. Closer views revealed white and creamy spots on GCs, MCs and LCs. Although the wear had already reduced the spots, their original size must have been still beyond GSE variation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585582061617-XB62P7R89O2XKUQLIGHA/IMG_2224.jpg Blog - Middle Spotted Eagle at Taqah, Oman 1cy hybrid type Greater x Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga x Aquila pomarina. Khawr Taqah, Oman, February 2019. © Marcel Gil Velasco. The bright golden streaks on the nape were just as noticeable as in a Golden Eagle, a feature shared by the bird in Catalonia seen some years ago, although not to that extent. The streaking is that dense that it creates a solid golden patch on the nape, surrounded by stitched neck and crown. This pattern is described as exclusive of pure LSE in Lontkowski & Maciorovski’ paper. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585582094557-KVP7RV4ST53E6QZPL2MU/IMG_2216.jpg Blog - Middle Spotted Eagle at Taqah, Oman 1cy hybrid type Greater x Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga x Aquila pomarina. Khawr Taqah, Oman, February 2019. © Marcel Gil Velasco. Uppertail coverts have been described as key to clinch the id of these eagles, so I was particularly keen on getting photos of these feathers. The white isn’t restricted to the tip of the feather but still far from the almost entirely white UTCs of a pure GSE. Tail feathers show a well-defined pale tip as in LSE, missing the transition area typical of GSE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585582230465-4XSE2J5HG5DLR1VMWJIU/IMG_2062.jpg Blog - Middle Spotted Eagle at Taqah, Oman 1cy hybrid type Greater x Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga x Aquila pomarina. Khawr Taqah, Oman, February 2019. © Marcel Gil Velasco. Such a great observation usually has this sole problem: the lack of underwing views. This is all we managed, which isn’t much, but enough to see the largely spotted flanks. I was quite surprised by the extension of the spots in this area of the plumage, given how small they are elsewhere. Sadly, the exact pattern of the secondaries remained undisclosed, but they look fairly uniform here. The white bases of underprimary coverts are also visible, but the rest of the underwing looks rather plain brown. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585582198048-O7BO15OD6G45XZTX3JLM/IMG_2232.jpg Blog - Middle Spotted Eagle at Taqah, Oman 1cy hybrid type Greater x Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga x Aquila pomarina. Khawr Taqah, Oman, February 2019. © Marcel Gil Velasco. Although not perfectly on focus, the secondaries can be assessed here. They show a very subtle barring that doesn’t reach the tip of the feather, dominated by a quite well-defined white tip. Whether this barring is enough to rule out a pure GSE or not doesn’t seem to be clear. There seems to be a lot of variation within GSE in that respect, following a W-E axis (barred secondaries in the W and more uniform in the E) that itself explains a lot of what’s going on between these two species. The rump is visible here too and interestingly some feathers show a pure white tiny spot on the tip together with a contrastingly paler outer web, probably reminiscent of GSE influence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585582030240-N6B02E00WKUDHS6SLA7K/IMG_2226.jpg Blog - Middle Spotted Eagle at Taqah, Oman 1cy hybrid type Greater x Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga x Aquila pomarina. Khawr Taqah, Oman, February 2019. © Marcel Gil Velasco. Structurally, it gave a small-headed impression. The bill, however, was still quite powerful in my opinion. The combination of these two features probably reduced the small-billed impression typically given by pure individuals of either species. Paler head contrasting with darker (although still warm) upperparts is also well visible here. The spots on upperwing coverts look like fine streaks here (and under most views we got), contrasting with the nice and broad tear-shaped spots on pure GSE and approaching LSE. In the other hand, the spots on leg feathers are still quite big in proportion. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/shades-of-grey monthly 0.5 2020-09-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568507718-4RAX6247Q69PT1AJZAUZ/DSC_3319-Editar.JPG Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 2. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. 2cy female. Vila-seca, Tarragona, April 24th. Xavier Riera. The pale rump is visible here, together with the mottled uppertail coverts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572028108-TIPV0HNQV1DW60RHBWSP/20190423_JBD7344_JuanBecares.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 10. Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Grey morph 2cy male, Llobregat Delta, April 23rd. The moulted tertials and GCs clinches the sex of this bird, but it’s otherwise very similar to a female. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572196706-8C12ZFC050SGXAA75231/Papamosques-0572.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 16. Presumed hybrid Collared x Pied Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis x hypoleuca. 2cy male. Aiguamolls de l’Empordà, April 23rd. Albert Burgas. Same bird as above. The pretty solid dark nape and dirty collar sides is well-seen here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568573152-MNJ3ABDU2SISH83VJ8ES/WhatsApp+Image+2019-04-24+at+10.35.18.jpeg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 3. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. 2cy? female. Llobregat Delta, Barcelona, April 23rd. Juan Bécares. The primary patch looks like a thin band when seen from behind. Rest of the visible features do support its identification as a female Collared. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568824630-UNFB3I6MGLVARZL2OO89/20190422_JBD7073_JuanBecares.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 7. Flycatcher sp. Ficedula sp. Female. Pals, Girona, April 22nd. Juan Bécares. Pale rump visible in this shot. Challenging light conditions make the id of this individual almost impossible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572227471-WYMCD8GVGBT3E60LCD7B/Papamosques-0560.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 15. Presumed hybrid Collared x Pied Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis x hypoleuca. 2cy male. Aiguamolls de l’Empordà, April 23rd. Albert Burgas. Small primary patch, grey rump and mottled front patch are all visible here, suggesting some obvious Pied influence. Extreme 2cy Collared can show a similar appearance and hence probably better left just as presumed hybrid. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568463283-SARAXLTSUZH6E0Q5LJUL/DSC_3317-Editar-Editar.JPG Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 1. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. 2cy female. Vila-seca, Tarragona, April 24th. Xavier Riera & Eugeni Capella. Note the extensive white primary patch and cold-toned upperparts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572244445-6AE0B9LK4RB3VGXIHU51/Papamosques-0582.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 17. Presumed hybrid Collared x Pied Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis x hypoleuca. 2cy male. Aiguamolls de l’Empordà, April 23rd. Albert Burgas. Same as above, with better light conditions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568760421-67JN2W6A5VGKUIFK3RX4/Monjoi_3F7A0824.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 6. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. 2cy female. Montjoi, Cap de Creus, April 21st, Martí Franch. A very pale (and beautiful) individual. Bill structure is particularly noticeable in this photo. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572090938-8S0WLEVD57Q9RZ9L82UO/20190423_JBD7212_JuanBecares.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 12. Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. 2cy male, Llobregat Delta, April 23rd. Juan Bécares. A bird with a bloody restricted pre-nuptial moult, keeping an almost complete winter appearance. Note the moulted tertials and GCs though. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572151472-86B36B63WKNZJUOEST9Z/IMG_9230.JPG Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 14. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis? 2cy male?. Aiguamolls de l’Empordà. April 25th. Ramón Aguilar. Same individual as above. A closer examination of the nape reveals some blackish feathers, not conclusive but contributing to the not-so-pure impression. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568705420-CL5FJAKP84HABYP78ZP8/3_3F7A1165.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 5. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. 2cy female. Les Masies de Voltregà, Osona, April 22nd, Martí Franch. Perfect shot to depict the classical jizz of the species: well-defined eye-ring and pale nape contrasting with cold-toned upperparts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568875611-8QZQEZKGLF71TIRE3B2A/20190422_JBD7075_JuanBecares.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 8. Flycatcher sp. Ficedula sp. Female. Pals, Girona, April 22nd. Juan Bécares. The primary patch could be extensive enough for it being a Collared, but probably not to ensure its id out of the safe breeding grounds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568908297-JA4CEH2VJRO0NEWSI6FI/20190422_JBD7077_JuanBecares.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 9. Flycatcher sp. Ficedula sp. Female. Pals, Girona, April 22nd. Juan Bécares. The overall colouration seems to support Collared here, but the throat side patches are a bit too warm. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572129573-FMV8D236DI491BH4RA4H/IMG_9236.JPG Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 13. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis? 2cy male?. Aiguamolls de l’Empordà. April 25th. Ramón Aguilar. Despite the striking white collar, the primary patch is very small, suggesting some Pied Flycatcher influence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585572063559-3ZP62N75BJ323EKHNLW5/20190423_JBD7343_JuanBecares.jpg Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 11. Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Grey morph 2cy male, Llobregat Delta, April 23rd. Same bird as above. The mix of moulted (grey) and unmoulted (brown) feathers on the upperparts is visible here, together with the male patterned tertials and inner greater coverts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568640511-FH3MCPI6KY3BI0YI6U56/collared+flycatcher+hembra+2U1A0184.JPG Blog - Shades of Grey Figure 4. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. 2cy? female. Llobregat Delta, Barcelona, April 23rd. Guillermo Rodríguez. Same bird as above. Note how the primary patch size appearance changes depending on the position of the bird, being most obviously Collared here. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/sykess-vs-egyptian-nightjars monthly 0.5 2020-09-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585567805837-FLX7VEH0W470KJBCE8EA/Caprimulgus.jpg Blog - Sykes’s vs. Egyptian Nightjars Figure 2. Profile comparison between 3 tricky Nightjar individuals. Top: Sykes’s Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis. Gujarat, India, January 2019 © Julien Mazenauer. Middle: Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius aegyptius. Muntasar Oasis, Oman, November 2017 © Marcel Gil Velasco. Bottom: Sykes’s Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis. Muntasar Oasis, Oman, December 2016 © Albert Burgas. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568075779-E01TFRI4NRCHPCFUT4VJ/heads.jpg Blog - Sykes’s vs. Egyptian Nightjars Figure 3. Detail of the head of the same 3 Nightjars above. Top: Sykes’s Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis. Gujarat, India, January 2019 © Julien Mazenauer. Middle: Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius aegyptius. Muntasar Oasis, Oman, November 2017 © Marcel Gil Velasco. Bottom: Sykes’s Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis. Muntasar Oasis, Oman, December 2016 © Albert Burgas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585567739017-S9I6DG3RRE6Q2EXQZFKL/Oman+384.jpg Blog - Sykes’s vs. Egyptian Nightjars Figure 1. Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius aegyptius. Muntasar Oasis, Oman, November 2017. © Marcel Gil Velasco https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585568154968-B7IWLO7BL89GN5D9EDWK/wing+pattern2.jpg Blog - Sykes’s vs. Egyptian Nightjars Figure 4. Wing pattern of all 3 individuals showing the black stripped area in the inner median coverts and the golden spots on the outer web of the outer median coverts. Note some of these spots have a black stripe at the base. A: Sykes’s Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis. Gujarat, India, January 2019 © Julien Mazenauer. B: Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius aegyptius. Muntasar Oasis, Oman, November 2017 © Marcel Gil Velasco. C: Sykes’s Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis. Muntasar Oasis, Oman, December 2016 © Albert Burgas https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/moult-in-early-spring-saunderss-terns-in-oman monthly 0.5 2020-09-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585565892074-Q0AAJ66B9I6B3PINFELW/Untitled-1.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figures 6 & 7. Number of primaries belonging to each moult wave and last primary moulted in each moult wave. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585567154337-0QXNFRU10YWAWC1HHZ1D/breeding+season.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 11. Moult stage of Saunders’s Terns in breeding season. The second wave hasn’t advanced much since autumn, whereas the extension of the third wave before the breeding season suspension is very variable and can potentially overtake the second wave in some individuals. Sketch by © Martí Franch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585563746649-3ZWHBTLVZBO3GAR41R0S/giphy.gif Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 3. Simplified ‘little tern’ moult strategy. Sketch by © Martí Franch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585563844552-H2VXPXK1K1WGA0HSZ37A/winter.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 4. Saunders’s and Little Tern moult stage during winter. Sketch by © Martí Franch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585566515380-1ZP3W97SHT7KN1KCH2EA/current+situation.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 8. To sum it up, this is the situation I found now, averaging the sample of the flock. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585563490145-PTUPJ9E7184YPXK9Q2YS/c20190213_JBD6844.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 1. Part of the flock of ‘little terns’ (mainly Saunders’s) at Khawr Dhurf, Oman, February 13th 2019. © Juan Bécares. The identification of most birds as Saunders’s was based on the classic id features: dark rump and tail, concolorous with the upperparts and >=4 dark old outer primaries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585563933553-WSUP7SD9H7ITKFTSHY2A/conteo2.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 5. The flock again. © Marcel Gil Velasco. Each individual was given an id number (in yellow) and then the number of primaries belonging to each wave is shown: third wave in red, second wave in blue and first wave in green. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585563648157-A7WR6URU2TEUUIGT77NR/b20190213_JBD6844.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 2. Presumed Little (left) and Saunders’s (right) Terns, almost in complete summer plumage. © Juan Bécares. Although very similar at a glance, note the greyer rump in Saunders’s, together with the tail (especially R6). 3 black primaries in Saunders’s vs. 1 or 2 in Little. Bill and head pattern still hard to assess, but there’s already more black in the bill tip of the Saunders’s. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585566759167-09HEBLVNBDJRT0EIE6L7/IMG_8506.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 9. Saunders’s Tern Sternula saundersi in full summer plumage, UAE, June 4th 2011 ©Mike Barth https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585566817560-FZAXZIPF7JUNQ91WLJXH/moult-card.jpg Blog - Moult in early spring Saunders’s Terns in Oman Figure 10. Detail of the moult of the Saunders’s Tern above. © Mike Barth https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/strongfirst-year-hudsonian-dunlinstrong monthly 0.5 2020-05-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586079776255-K142N6VUZ71LX66P4GX0/hudsonian+dunlin+first+winter+8+IMG_6307.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin First-year Hudsonian Dunlin, November 2015, Massachusetts (USA). Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586082251425-CRJZX08DR2MOT715R9AN/hudsonian+dunlin+first+winter++IMG_5417.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin First-year Hudsonian Dunlin, October 2016, Massachusetts (USA). Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586079601016-QN278WNUE4QY5U550PK6/hudsonian+dunlin+first+winter+7.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin First-year Hudsonian Dunlin, October 2016, Massachusetts (USA). Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586079570982-JNDETJS23ZPNZWA6W0LG/hudsonian+dunlin+first+winter+6.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin First-year Hudsonian Dunlin, October 2016, Massachusetts (USA). Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586078953535-HSBGETVHCFNNU0AA2NIU/hudsonian+dunlin+juvenile+IMG_5593.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin First-year Hudsonian Dunlin, September 2017, Massachusetts (USA). Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586079340103-5HMTWMVQD4N029QMOUZZ/hudsonian+dunlin+first+winter+4.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin First-year Hudsonian Dunlin, October 2016, Massachusetts (USA). Guillermo Rodríguez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586078832828-733POL2VJXA64HZ2GVM3/hudsonian+dunlin+IMG_5644.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586079533950-QW7DFICD9LCT63HMFMSO/hudsonian+dunlin+first+winter+3.JPG Blog - First year Hudsonian Dunlin First-year Hudsonian Dunlin, October 2016, Massachusetts (USA). Guillermo Rodríguez https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/a-nice-flock-of-white-winged-scoters monthly 0.5 2020-05-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586727293495-Q1I85ZH2F5NH3PD3IOCJ/white+winged+scoter+adult+male+IMG_0629.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, adult male. Massachussetts, USA, November 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586771712309-N061T12JDBUTIK83DFUV/white+winged+scoter+adult+female+IMG_1266.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, adult female. Massachussetts, November 2016. Note typical shape of the adult feathers in the underparts & flanks. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586773508638-758OMSIAWJA9ZV5XVLFS/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+male+IMG_1251.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first winter male. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. This bird combines a very juvenile plumage (velvety and with small rounded feathers on the breast) with a brush of pink in the bill and a already slightly pale iris. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586727939202-TI5UB16D0G98KXA5HB90/white+winged+scoter+adult+female+flight+IMG_8805.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, adult female. Massachussetts, November 2016. Note square-shaped, large feathers on the flanks typical of adult birds, and extensive white on GCs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586727483773-AG0DDPXWHS8EJD3HZK4D/white+winged+scoter+second+winter+IMG_1181.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, second-winter male (center), with two older males on the back. Massachussetts, USA, November 2016.Immature features include greyish iris, pinkish bill lacking orange tones, short white mark behind the eye and blackish (not brown) flanks. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586773686481-Q18QDWD1NNM25UITDZEW/white+winged+scoter+various+ages+IMG_1267.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoters. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. This picture shows birds of various ages; compare the head shape of the first winter male (front) with two first-winter females to the right and left, and an adult female on the background (the dark bird showing most of its belly). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586771912197-2IDLDHTD4BXNTYFQ0332/white+winged+scoter+adult+female+IMG_0739.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, adult female. Massachussetts, November 2016. Like adult males, adult females also show black upperparts contrasting with browner flanks. Some birds display pink tones in the bill, but note fully dark iris typical of females compared to first-winter males. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586773339474-39JC3HJ9IYH49SW3WN0D/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+male+IMG_0689.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first winter male. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586775725628-GGPIDU50BK8AU2GRD58L/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+female+bill+IMG_0706.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first winter female. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. A good example of a bird with rounded feathering at the bill base, which in combination with a concave head profile make this bird tough to separate from a Velvet Scoter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586776174791-4WZ8CEJCKQBSAKNQLUFM/white+winged+scoter+comparison+adult+female+first+winter+male+IMG_0711.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoters. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. First-winter male (front) and adult female (back) . compare difference shape of the belly and flank feathers: juvenile feathers are small and rounded, and adult feathers are broader and more squared-shaped. Note also difference in head shape between males and females. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586772226628-ZG6FQYZA3US4U891TLTV/white+winged+socter+adult+female+flight+IMG_0648.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, adult female. Massachussetts, November 2016. Adult birds show brighter legs than first-winter birds; note also amount of white on the GCs and dark underparts with square-shaped flank feathers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586773420977-F28AV7SIILXPIEGESBO8/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+male+IMG_9450.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first winter male. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. The elogated head shape is quite obvious in some males. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586727082604-SNUNE8FSCHOXB092YVFD/white+winged+scoter+flight+IMG_8937.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, three adult males, three adult females, and a first-winter male (center). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586775645060-RZW8WM1F5J6Y957T2S3H/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+female+IMG_0224.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first winter female. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586775667362-4SN1GTERAQ4YIO2ZQ78R/image-asset.jpeg Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first winter male. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. There’s some variation in the extension and pattern of the pale patches of the head. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586727998853-1YXXDFUWDRWAFOO04VAD/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+male+flight+IMG_0200.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first-winter male. Massachussetts, November 2016. Small, rounded feathers on the underparts are typical of juveniles, and mostly dark GCs except for the white tip. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586775300255-JNLHCWIX3TKEL3DDEHW6/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+male+bill+angle+IMG_0253.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, MassachuSsetts, USA, November 2016. This interesting bird, likely a first-winter male based on head and bill shape, shows a rounded shape of the feathering at the bill base, reminiscent of Velvet and diverging from the classic right angle of White-winged Scoter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586775701112-RYCM0Q9V64EWP8XTGHXT/white+winged+scoter+female+IMG_1173.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, female. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. Difficult to age with certainty in this picture. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586727532003-O1K2KR9EQSW3ULD0AG37/white+winged+scoter+second+winter+male+IMG_8645.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, second-winter male. Massachussetts, USA, November 2016. Note still extensive black on GCs, pinkish bill lacking orange tones, and lack of white mark behind the eye. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1586775617183-G2Q5KBQEL68H0LJEA4BE/white+winged+scoter+first+winter+female+IMG_0741.JPG Blog - A nice flock of White-winged Scoters White-winged Scoter, first winter female. Massachusetts, USA, November 2016. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/south-polar-skuas-at-a-glance monthly 0.5 2021-08-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559608480-AYBF0S90S98SWSSRZO7Z/DSC09185.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585560272290-KC0UC70V5G80U40ELW9M/DSC03074.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 21. South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki (right) and Great Skua Stercorarius skua (left), Galicia, September 2019. The photo is a bit distant, but it’s still a nice side-by-side comparison. Even sat on the water, when the structure is not so assessable, this bird is bloody striking. The entire body is pale and frosty and shows a very strong contrast with the wings. Nothing to do with the old blonde Great Skua. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585558566231-7Q5E5O3Q3PIU1DKLYTUK/image.png Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 1. Big numbers of Great Skuas Stercorarius skua congregated to feed on our discards. Among them, 3 South Polar Skuas were seen. Galicia, September 2019. ©Marcel Gil Velasco. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559447143-6ZFZ1Y1NCHUIR2MFAT1O/DSC09962.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 6. 2cy Great Skua Stercorarius skua. Galicia, September 2019. ©Marcel Gil Velasco. The darkest individuals of this age class can make a major challenge. Despite the pale spots on breast-sides, nape and scapulars are evident when this close, from the distance this bird would look much closer to SPS. The spots in the nape would make it up for the classical SPS nape-patch and the hood wouldn’t be so apparent, leading to a uniform head apparently concolorous with the body. I find this kind of birds especially difficult when seawatching from a cape. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585558962260-E8VPOYDLZ3NFTFM4PAE3/DSC01025.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559526347-21HQYE6P7PG2T9YYPVKM/dark_juv2.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 7 & 8. Juvenile Great Skua Stercorarius skua. Galicia, September 2019. ©Marcel Gil Velasco. I’d put [ordinary] dark juvenile GS more or less at the same level of difficulty as dark 2cy, although they are easier or harder depending on distance and light conditions. Again, from the distance, they look very uniform and not actively moulting, but close views reveal the spots on the upperparts. The primaries are very pointed too, strongly indicating a juvenile bird. From a cape, the identification should be based mainly on structure, keeping the classical elongated GS slender appearance (read the captions of the Figures 3 & 4). The lack of a nape-patch rapidly makes me suspicious too, given I’ve seen this feature in every SPS here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585558684300-P7MLT2BBCVDTWYMIA2JF/DSC00932.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 2. Old Great Skua Stercorarius skua. Galicia, September 2019. ©Marcel Gil Velasco. There was a time when South Polar Skuas were meant to be strikingly pale, almost white from the distance. At this time, this old Great Skuas attracted some attention. However, we now know Great Skuas tend to become paler with age, leading to some funny blondie colorations. These birds are easy to rule out: they are all blond, heavily patterned all over, and they are all moulting inner-mid primaries in early October. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559997408-HVXSVQ3YQ9B7ST4KPY7V/SPS2b.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figures 17 & 18. 2cy+ South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormickii, Galicia September 2019. The second bird this year. I only saw it under a very strong light, but it’s still a safe SPS in my opinion. Same structure as the bird above, paler nape, short and pointed tail and still growing P10. The upperparts show a handful of spots, but always on the tip of the feather and never along the shafts. In my opinion, this bird is an example of how, even with poorly documented observations, it’s still possible to clinch the id. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559228426-HNYZ7OETP4H89UFPOIYX/DSC08599.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 5. 2cy Great Skua Stercorarius skua. Galicia, September 2019. ©Marcel Gil Velasco. These eye-catching birds can get tricky, but most times are quickly ruled out after seeing the obviously spotted upperparts (including scapulars) and the well-defined dark hood. The lack of active moult in inner primaries could fit SPS, but not the coloration. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559578105-6C534EQXALHEPY2NBCEK/DSC09140.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585560081378-86FS7BP1ROEAKRAIC88E/SPS3c.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figures 19 & 20. 2cy+ South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormickii, Galicia, September 2019. The most obvious bird I’ve seen, straightforward even from a big distance. Classical contrast between dark upper and frosty underparts, including the head. Note the back is also dark, concolorous with the wings, something that doesn’t happen in old GS. Sadly, when it came very close, it was with full backlit, but I still managed to catch some colours on the photos. The head is amazing: it’s got the expression of a small skua and the bill is just slightly deeper than in a Pomarine. The underparts are completely uniform and very cold-toned. I’d describe them as metallic. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559794239-M14OX87S0QUYM7TLMENX/PHOTO-2019-10-01-15-25-00.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 12. South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormickii, Asturias, October 2012. ©Martí Franch. This bird caused much trouble back then, but in my opinion it’s safely assigned to SPS now. Structurally, fits well with a South Polar: wing shape, tail length and overall compact appearance. It does look slim though, but I don’t think this is a problem. The colour is also ok: nape-patch present, cold-toned overall and lack of hood. Although in the bottom right photo looks like it’s got some warm spots on the upperparts, I think the tone of the spots is light-related, given the sea in the background is also quite golden. The shape of these pale areas is right for SPS, being just restricted to the edge of the feathers and producing a scaly appearance. Finally, the moult is the ultimate evidence here. In my opinion, P9 and P10 are still retained, together with at least the outermost primary covert. P8 seems to be fully grown, potentially indicating some sort of suspension. I’ve previously seen this kind of stuff in another long-distance migrant such as Pomarine Skua, but never before in SPS (with a very limitet n size though). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559981702-YO0FC3E2BOYKH3SI3UKW/SPS2a.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585560051637-MEZOLYS02LRANGVBNXB5/SPS3b.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559946923-17H6X3K57K493X5B88Q8/IMG_4868.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 16. 2cy+ South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormickii (left) and Great Skua Stercorarius skua (right), Galicia, September 2018. Although it kept the distance most of the time, the bird stayed around for quite a while, allowing prolonged views and even side-by-side comparisons with an adult Great Skua. Again, the most striking feature was the short tail, together with the small head. I’d also say the wing length/width ratio is higher in GS. Finally, the white patch on the primaries was also much smaller above. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559876569-1JZ3JP7UED40M931XR55/IMG_4927+%281%29.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585558991881-PAP9X9KNIC517NWXGVMZ/DSC01014.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 3 & 4. Juvenile Great Skua Stercorarius skua. Galicia, September 2019. ©Marcel Gil Velasco. The lack of notorious wing-moult and the more or less uniform plumage could attract our attention at first, but in reality, there’s nothing further from an SPS than this. In my opinion, similarly to what happens with raptors, Skuas also change their silhouette with age, adults becoming heavier overall. Young birds look very long-winged, long-necked and long-tailed and their bill is thinner. Although the difference in structure to what we are used to with adult Bonxie can be quite striking, it doesn’t make it any closer to SPS, much rather the opposite. That said, this characteristic orange plumage is truly beautiful and probably underrated by most seabirders. Note the incipient hood too. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559896839-XP04PYQ3UOUK0VM5JNC6/IMG_4922.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559643020-1IG3XCBBBSTG89WASKAU/DSC09218+1.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figure 9, 10 & 11. Juvenile Great Skua Stercorarius skua. Galicia, September 2019. ©Marcel Gil Velasco. Now a real challenge. This bird got me hesitating during several days, changing my mind from one photo to another. In the end, I think it’s just the trickiest Great Skua I’ve seen so far. I saw it under very bad weather conditions: 4-5m swell, rain and gusts of up to 50kt, so I didn’t look at it through my bins much. Instead, I focused on getting bare-eye comparisons with the nearby Great Skuas and the best photos possible. Fortunately, it behaved quite well and came close to the boat on more than 4 occasions (differently to what SPS usually do) and I managed some decent photos for later study. The rain drops are still visible in front of the bird; don’t take them for spots! It looks very cold-toned below and entirely uniform above, with just a pale edge to some scapulars and uppertail coverts. The design of the head, though, doesn’t look right for SPS. It lacks the nape-patch and the coloration is uniformly dark, without the darker area around the eye typical of the real thing. It looks like the classical hood described above is more extensive in this case, but it’s still there, together with a much more extensive dark area in the rear belly and the undertail. Moreover, there’s no active moult, but the primaries are very pointed, indicating a juvenile. The small white flashes in the primary basis also support this age. Interestingly, what stroke me the most of this bird (or, indeed, what didn’t strike me) was the structure. It’s not as bulky as an adult Great, with a small head and especially a rather long tail. The bill looks thin, but also quite long. In some photos, it seems to be quite bull-necked, but in some others, it shows the classical GS profile. The slightly longer central tail feathers are intriguing, and remind me of either the ‘milky teeth’ shown by juvenile raptors (as I remember Andrea Corso calling them). The bird is ringed and sadly the ring doesn’t allow assessing the white markings on the tarsus. Despite I’m now quite sure it’s a dark and very uniform juvenile Great Skua, comments on this bird are more than welcome. Too bad it’s not colour-ringed; we’d know far more about it! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559502356-5C2WTZQL9II92CBAEX3H/dark_juv1.jpg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585559916559-04CPVROH6QO8GH6YNT0D/image-asset.jpeg Blog - South Polar Skuas at a Glance Figures 13, 14 & 15. 2cy+ South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormickii, Galicia, September 2018. Last’s years only South Polar Skua. Once again, this bird showed up under very unfavorable weather conditions. From the distance, it looked uniform and dark but before rising my bins I still didn’t know if it was going to be a 2cy or a dark juvenile GS. However, I soon realised it didn’t show any hint of hood, but a nice nape-patch instead. When it came closer, the moult became obvious: it was growing P9, with P10 still old. There were also 2 generations of secondaries. The upperparts were not uniform but scaly, but it was only because all the coverts were pale-edged. The underparts were uniformly pale all the way up to the throat. Structure wise, it looked compact even when it was stretching its neck (first photo above) but it was the tail what looked strikingly short. Probably due to that fact, the centre of gravity was closer to the prow than in a GS. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/vegan-trends-amp-fried-chicken-nzmj8 monthly 0.5 2020-09-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585560885379-30HLCBPX6GF10ZHVBVT4/image-asset.jpeg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake Figure 3. Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla. Besòs River, La Llagosta, Barcelona. March 2019 © Marcel Gil Velasco. Detail of the primaries. Note that they are in much better condition than the bird in Figure 6. One could tentatively say these primaries aren’t as broad, but the actual shape is hard to assess. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585561273221-WZBI02SNB4FJH80LBLSH/b_X4A6730.jpg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake Figures 6 & 7. Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla. Golf Empordà, Gualta, Girona. March 2019. © Joan Goy. A much brighter individual. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585561013963-JRABUPQCVUHJTEDJHMSC/2013+04+28_+Desembocadura+Ridaura_PUSILLA.jpg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake Figure 5. Baillon’s crake Porzana pusilla. Ridaura River Mouth, Girona. April 2013. © Rosa Matesanz. Note entirely juvenile flight feathers but adult-like appearance overall. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585560951359-BMYSHNJ8E2YYJZ1MQZPW/Oman+982.jpg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake Figure 4. Baillon’s crake Porzana pusilla. Wadi Al Mughsayl, Oman. November 2017. © Marcel Gil Velasco. An individual with an entirely juvenile appearance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585561215954-XMT4PPM0HMJYGB17AD4C/_X4A7481.jpg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585561307550-3NZDZWVG258MJNQH2TV9/c_X4A6730.jpg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake Figure 8. Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla. Golf Empordà, Gualta, Girona. March 2019. © Joan Goy. Detail of the primaries of the bird at Golf Empordà. Note that wear increases outwards, but the contrast between P6 and P7 is very strong. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585560819305-R6E6JPIGKHAO38TSQS5J/b_JBD9451.jpg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake Figures 1 & 2. Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla. Besòs River, La Llagosta, Barcelona. March 2019 © Marcel Gil Velasco. This bird shows a very dull appearance, combined with black and fresh primaries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585476074287-J96ODMRP4X27GNBKNQ5C/b_JBD9331.jpg Blog - Crakes on the scope I: Baillon’s Crake Figures 1 & 2. Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla. Besòs River, La Llagosta, Barcelona. March 2019 © Marcel Gil Velasco. This bird shows a very dull appearance, combined with black and fresh primaries. https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/motacillacabrera monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585561535669-WLECOIML9EQXD69KLOGY/DnnDk18XgAAQPb_.jpg-large.jpeg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black - The kid seems to be saying “it’s a Yellow Wagtail you nerd!” (taken from the Facebook group Birding Memes; sorry, I don’t know the author). The kid seems to be saying “it’s a Yellow Wagtail you nerd!” (taken from the Facebook group Birding Memes; sorry, I don’t know the author) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585562320373-VE3497VCYZRZUG10MQP7/comparativa.jpg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black Figure 7. Comparison of the call of Grey headed Wagtail Motacilla f. thunbergii (left), the mystery bird at Cabrera (centre) and Black-headed Wagtail Motacilla f. feldegg (right). The mystery bird perfectly matches thunbergii and doesn’t show the modulations typical in feldegg. Grey-headed and Black-headed Wagtail calls have been downloaded from xeno-canto.org; reference numbers: XC432116 and X74655. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585562024458-7BGUP3C5SHO7WAZ76S3I/WhatsApp+Image+2019-05-05+at+20.23.40.jpeg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black Figure 3. 2cy male Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava. Cabrera, Balearic Islands, May 2019. © Juan Sagardía. Still the same bird as above. A somewhat intermediate picture. The face looks darker and the nape-back transition is now much sharper. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585562183575-1IIC1XIRAZAEW2U453W6/Untitled-2.jpg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black Figure 5. Bill shape comparison between Grey-headed (left; Lanzarote, May 2018, Juan Sagardía), mystery bird (middle; Cabrera, May 2019, Juan Sagardía) and Black-headed (right; Israel, March 2008, Fernando Arce). Note the upwards bend in the Grey-headed’s lower mandible, not present in neither the mystery bird nor the Black-headed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585562235470-A3I99SDAI13IYTEKNXVZ/96ea5e62-77a7-4220-b510-564b5768321e.jpg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black Figure 6. 2cy male Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava. Cabrera, Balearic Islands, May 2019. © Juan Sagardía. Same bird again. I don’t even know how to describe the nape colour here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585561705572-4XNFGAU1I6I0ECL9UZ79/WhatsApp+Image+2019-05-05+at+20.03.25.jpeg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black Figure 1. 2cy male Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava. Cabrera, Balearic Islands, May 2019. © Juan Sagardía. It looks almost like a perfect Black-headed Wagtail Motacilla flava feldegg here. Well contrasted black nape, straight bill and lack of dark spots on breast-sides. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585561774847-D3WY1UPB3EFFZV0BR065/WhatsApp+Image+2019-05-05+at+20.04.09.jpeg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black Figure 2. 2cy male Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava. Cabrera, Balearic Islands, May 2019. © Juan Sagardía. Same bird as above, which has intriguingly turned into a perfect Grey-headed Wagtail Motacilla flava thunbergii. The bluish nape, crown and even cheeks are obvious here https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1585562097279-XS972BTFQHCTIWBJWA0K/WhatsApp+Image+2019-05-05+at+21.57.22.jpeg Blog - Dark Blue Almost Black Figure 4. 2cy male Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava. Cabrera, Balearic Islands, May 2019. © Juan Sagardía. Looking like a Black-headed Wagtail again. 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https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/tag/Porzana+pusilla monthly 0.5 https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/tag/Motacilla+flava monthly 0.5 https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/tag/Aquila+pomarina monthly 0.5 https://subalpinebirding.com/blog/tag/eider+subespecies monthly 0.5 https://subalpinebirding.com/idgalleries daily 0.75 2023-06-24 https://subalpinebirding.com/idgalleries/underwing-pattern-in-common-guillemots-from-norway monthly 0.5 2023-06-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099753983-PTY7UMEZFVSXXS8J2VEA/common+guillemot+DSC03442_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099753869-B5TBLPWLT05WUJ5QL5YD/common+guillemot+DSC03464_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099755045-SNCZIWSRHE8VE1CUC2PV/common+guillemot+DSC03466_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099755430-YP6VHL9KE6GMI2W0HRI2/common+guillemot+DSC03470_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099756248-4ZATSE8UUFE40JHBO508/common+guillemot+DSC03472_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099756710-RYUZMYXIP03YRLS0ENZI/common+guillemot+DSC03475_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099757415-X6IKJ26MS8Y0857GLJZ8/common+guillemot+DSC03479_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099757841-KGHQ52899U815Z55Z8QM/common+guillemot+DSC03483_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099758595-1VS0HA3ICHSOI5XXAIYC/common+guillemot+DSC03486_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099759046-V84OLDKIZ41WGWRQDIVS/common+guillemot+DSC03489_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099759808-0AXGOV603698PUX15MLD/common+guillemot+DSC03494_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099760333-K5IWOGHIHXCC6KO9SOW3/common+guillemot+DSC03496_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099761524-G3U7FAWVOSB1MO203MNF/common+guillemot+DSC03497_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099761987-6YT8K80NJQIOB2TP9V1W/common+guillemot+DSC03501_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099762701-7Z87TEHMFK11VKEKKW37/common+guillemot+DSC03506_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099763170-NO80RNRG6KSGHYBRXH6P/common+guillemot+DSC03510_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099763870-Y0LF9GS59PYN803MMCNJ/common+guillemot+DSC03512_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099764446-16VKF9Z9VYO8CTJU4J8L/common+guillemot+DSC03513_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099764951-NVYP25XJWG0WMQ5629MY/common+guillemot+DSC03519_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099765605-2VA7QO06VWDHROMXJSWN/common+guillemot+DSC03521_1.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099766043-GWFI0NNY3APDWT3IDI6C/common+guillemot+DSC03523.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099766768-CI4NY2FUJIDWT8GA2Z93/common+guillemot+DSC03527.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099767281-GCXL988GBRGPCMBLL0WD/common+guillemot+DSC03529.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099768005-PE4LNBUOIZR5HK6LN5S8/common+guillemot+DSC03535.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099768536-2P7T8MH9KHLZJ31BJW95/common+guillemot+DSC03537.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099769195-9MZC50F63YLAFCC5YGL2/common+guillemot+DSC03541.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099769662-3WTJ3V5GCL5ZNJ5QQ3F4/common+guillemot+DSC03543.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099770410-GNKDHWJ5Q8J8XESAGD97/common+guillemot+DSC03547.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099770789-ZCVE90Z1O8APES9UIXT1/common+guillemot+DSC03554.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099771516-RUZ14MS0YP0FI5MEIIKG/common+guillemot+DSC03564.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099772012-8XGM72ZXPYTC0SLFM3PJ/common+guillemot+DSC03568.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099772958-X9ITDGCU5NAJ3SSN65DS/common+guillemot+DSC03573.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099773534-2ZEN0S8NDYA6URMS0SU4/common+guillemot+DSC03588.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099774013-VYFRTJZF2MUX75T3F83D/common+guillemot+DSC03613.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099774590-T3OGZQSTRKD9RG0FXTCU/common+guillemot+DSC03621.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099775244-OVBKR3TY24XMD61KQ9KX/common+guillemot+DSC03625.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099775660-4YPU3JXEYX0YNV2X0UIG/common+guillemot+DSC03637.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099779268-QGGQN5Z3LUCSH2GNKUKU/common+guillemot+DSC03753.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099778270-ZQU51XZXTIQXXI4TTBIO/common+guillemot+DSC03775.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099779710-BN80B8TW9FNQBE5T3TGG/common+guillemot+DSC03779.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099780303-5RM6KTKBM86OUMHVFOF1/common+guillemot+DSC03781.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099780816-7RE2BVK5DXP2Q49W7WQ1/common+guillemot+DSC03787.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099781445-MP896U421WZUDKM21TRZ/common+guillemot+DSC03789.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099781904-9H84UD5UT3ACI6Y52G8O/common+guillemot+DSC03791.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099782558-9VHJWJXFBDUDRUHPKM9P/common+guillemot+DSC03796.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099783139-RXDY2IMXKAIDWM2ZKUW7/common+guillemot+DSC03818.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099783790-DXQHX0JP8E6RXNQSHDA6/common+guillemot+DSC03822.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099784419-QFF3S34PTGQ2CSPYBSZY/common+guillemot+DSC03824.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099785018-GSG1RBLG2LYAB6159FKH/common+guillemot+DSC03831.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099785740-9WH7VU498NCKG5LVNJ4J/common+guillemot+DSC03836.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099786187-9FVELUJWVGIDYI8NNAMC/common+guillemot+DSC03841.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099786987-XZHJFDMCBTF985D463MQ/common+guillemot+DSC03850.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099787514-I9NXC29019N4NYSWJDNA/common+guillemot+DSC03851.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099788294-6XZ2JOAU0WY8DORZU3MY/common+guillemot+DSC03859.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099788909-X1NELRUK0KPFVMT9WIGN/common+guillemot+DSC03865.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway 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from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099792211-NNF6TUT3VSKO0OIYJX29/common+guillemot+DSC03896.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099792861-TD9GDMSZ5L6HZ39XI6T6/common+guillemot+DSC03921.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099793369-4J9N4Y8QWV4T97S7SMDS/common+guillemot+DSC03925.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099793850-S4M7A4ON6F3IV4NWDZN4/common+guillemot+DSC03929.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099794243-COZ7QRV0HQ6Z1BRMBGA5/common+guillemot+DSC03943.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099797738-LRZA25K7WNZ8C7H6LIDH/common+guillemot+DSC03992.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099798576-C2WLLXGDXZAKSAOCOVOI/common+guillemot+DSC03993.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099800872-MTDU0TU8L9HBEO6DLPNG/common+guillemot+DSC03995.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099801468-BJYEUL95J8ISB3YA764S/common+guillemot+DSC03997.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099802114-LR7I5IJABE3I7MMRKEP7/common+guillemot+DSC04008.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099802694-9NXL2VHEKPSN95XHUF35/common+guillemot+DSC04034.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099803236-SU05N04TH9SFE30OKOJ9/common+guillemot+DSC04042.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099803781-N5VOE8IASSSG3FIV3COG/common+guillemot+DSC04050.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099804492-JDA9IGGOTKIR44OF9FW4/common+guillemot+DSC04057.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099805092-3X0AF6ZBOAKRQTRT76FK/common+guillemot+DSC04061.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099805714-KWM4ML7EJ5M6QCAZ0VR7/common+guillemot+DSC04113.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099806526-5L7MKL9P4MF4ZGIZVQ1A/common+guillemot+DSC04126.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099807348-WJHLC277TEKIV9DKOB0X/common+guillemot+DSC04129.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099807764-4NE8NCVL260DK74HCYSU/common+guillemot+DSC04150.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099808552-RTKVVUUHBAPV0DQ7SSZ1/common+guillemot+DSC04159.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099812970-SAVXJZSHJXNSAJDGBBDR/common+guillemot+DSC04317.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099812679-IBSZ7614CRR175ADQRFZ/common+guillemot+DSC04328.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099814979-UNWLXXZISXS1JFVQBR4F/common+guillemot+DSC04390.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099816762-K9WH67H9PRMX1F40OHNI/common+guillemot+DSC04398.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099819270-O87NWQ6JUNPUAXTLX5WA/common+guillemot+DSC04407.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099820749-PIU33ZG1JT0UKJNWOBAI/common+guillemot+DSC04417.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099820840-S2TL4UPCS13O495EVMO2/common+guillemot+DSC04426.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099822396-RZ0EYL5SP8QJTXAST6AX/common+guillemot+DSC04439.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099822597-5XFBB5HWVZCLUZ7FHMYY/common+guillemot+DSC04463.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099825619-YE0PJMCRKRR72U93CCK8/common+guillemot+DSC04495.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099825772-X1R4EOF4M3YLBQBGVGAA/common+guillemot+DSC04499.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099826601-9QVBRBLXPROH1WA263N7/common+guillemot+DSC04510.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099827351-I4GIAGO8OCH3HAGJOK5B/common+guillemot+DSC04515.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099828125-A27RXI7ZLSBAKPC48DT9/common+guillemot+DSC04521.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099829002-R95BMHA0A876FVJM860R/common+guillemot+DSC04524.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099829574-MPLHGZO9NMRF1P9IXJNZ/common+guillemot+DSC04526.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099831936-J4HGG8EV8I3TNVK4JRYT/common+guillemot+DSC04535.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099832481-7DUBD9YK1EUL5ATV1AB0/common+guillemot+DSC04538.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099834031-F2OC5HN0JVR4R4GAY9LA/common+guillemot+DSC04540.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099834887-8GTL1OYNGR5ZF8M7L233/common+guillemot+DSC04543.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687099835979-3Y5X0CHHQ1K2S7ER7EIR/common+guillemot+DSC04556.jpg ID Galleries - Underwing pattern in Common Guillemots from Norway https://subalpinebirding.com/idgalleries/adult-scandinavian-herring-gull-ssp-argentatus monthly 0.5 2023-06-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687098969581-R4ND7P8NAGS1DVW19E0K/herring+gull+tatus+1w+DSC02011.jpg ID Galleries - Scandinavian Herring Gull ssp. argentatus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1687098971630-YJK7FSOPFG46X1KK5NXA/herring+gull+tatus+1w+DSC02035.jpg ID Galleries - Scandinavian Herring Gull ssp. argentatus 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Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072337838-CPNIL55VK9A7318U3FVC/dunlin+arctica+DSC03305_2.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072339993-9VVQD8MVGCGYAWQ83YW3/dunlin+arctica+DSC03373.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072341020-VR0YQLDUDDDV3C246KRB/dunlin+arctica+DSC03389_1.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072345506-1ATLVPU5GY6R8OVHS0T6/dunlin+arctica+DSC03450_1.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072346129-N81VE04GMQNXQJE8FNGD/dunlin+arctica+DSC03556.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072351195-OEAB2WVL91LP4QAARQ8O/dunlin+arctica+DSC03636.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072351489-AIZH74GA97M7BN13DUQB/dunlin+arctica+DSC03687.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072352571-SEA49QVAAWDKRHN6K4V3/dunlin+arctica+DSC03953.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072353472-703WDOY3PYS1O07EVWZN/dunlin+arctica+DSC03959.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072354207-790QONQKSMJ45C8NQ2KQ/dunlin+arctica+DSC03965.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072355094-QN2W3U34S25MZYE7GS5T/dunlin+arctica+DSC04087.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072356902-GZ5C3HIY1SD45U1TDORU/dunlin+arctica+DSC04136.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072358338-7RGRKX581DJPRAWUMP3E/dunlin+arctica+DSC04143.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072744235-ZK73NDTD6VZ5RBS51RWD/_MG_0344.JPG ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072751145-N7VR7GTMXSKMCZCL892D/_MG_3059+%281%29.JPG ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073237824-EORMVWAT3IGMU78UWP03/arctica+DSC01725.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072362647-FIVI58JL7ZCVE7WTXBZP/dunlin+arctica+DSC04170.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073223731-4Q3FJ8KXICJXOC0UN8J3/arctica+DSC01727.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658072362640-PHFHKW7O4FBEHN4ZIJ69/dunlin+arctica+DSC04183.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073230699-3MG1W1PYV4I919ZIF0ML/arctica+DSC01736.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain 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arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073340117-DFDM1FFYCC1E2F5RUKLZ/arctica+DSC01870.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073348211-NF3XMJQJZ0YDX52EUQHJ/arctica+DSC01872.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073348955-0Q1L453ZL21COGNQMYIQ/arctica+DSC01876.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073385421-AILBAMXKPQ7GIXJ12IYQ/arctica+DSC01885.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e806b4338b0eb5136f1cf40/1658073375190-6C2YJP9DF1539Z8TD548/arctica+DSC01889.jpg ID Galleries - Greenland Dunlins ssp. arctica, May 2022 in N Spain 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